The Challenge of the Urban Compact Form: Three-Dimensional Index Construction and Urban Land Surface Temperature Impacts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Research Design and Data Collection
3.1. Indicator of Urban Compactness
3.1.1. Normalized 2D Compactness Index (NCI)
3.1.2. Normalized 3D Compactness Index (NVCI)
3.2. Calculation of NCI and NVCI
3.3. Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature
3.4. Geographical Detector Models Methods
4. Results
4.1. Urban Building Characteristics
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Relationship | Interaction |
---|---|
q (X1 ∩ X2) < Min [q (X1), q (X2)] | nonlinear weaken (NW) |
Min[q(X1), q(X2)] < q (X1 ∩ X2) < Max [q (X1), q (X2)] | single-factor nonlinear weaken (SNW) |
q (X1 ∩ X2) > Max [q (X1), q (X2)] | double-factor enhancement (DE) |
q (X1 ∩ X2) = q (X1) + q (X2) | independent (I) |
q (X1 ∩ X2) > q (X1) + q (X2) | nonlinear enhancement (NE) |
Building Area (hm2) | Building Height (Floor) | Building Density (%) | 2D Compact Indexes | 3D Compact Indexes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CI | CImax | NCI | VCI | VCImax | NVCI | ||||
Mean | 4.856 | 9 | 35.781 | 1.82 × 10−3 | 2.61 × 10−3 | 0.622 | 0.016 | 0.334 | 0.044 |
Maximum | 44.764 | 38 | 85.257 | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.979 | 0.190 | 1.691 | 0.323 |
Minimum | 0.044 | 1 | 10.198 | 4.14 × 10−5 | 9.14 × 10−5 | 0.370 | 2.42 × 10−4 | 0.063 | 1.45 × 10−3 |
Building Morphology | Building Height (Floor) | Average Building Density | Average Building Area (hm2) | 2D Compact Indexes | 3D Compact Indexes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Max | Min | CI | CImax | NCI | VCI | VCImax | NVCI | |||
low-rise and low-density (LL) | 5 | 6 | 1 | 0.271 | 3.181 | 0.80 × 10−3 | 1.39 × 10−3 | 0.531 | 7.22 × 10−3 | 0.422 | 0.014 |
low-rise and high-density (LH) | 5 | 6 | 1 | 0.461 | 2.462 | 0.30 × 10−2 | 4.24 × 10−3 | 0.660 | 2.39 × 10−2 | 0.446 | 0.049 |
high-rise and low-density (HL) | 15 | 38 | 7 | 0.221 | 8.872 | 0.40 × 10−3 | 8.24 × 10−4 | 0.569 | 3.92 × 10−3 | 0.230 | 0.015 |
high-rise and high-density (HH) | 10 | 36 | 7 | 0.394 | 4.856 | 0.20 × 10−2 | 3.00 × 10−3 | 0.654 | 1.96 × 10−2 | 0.300 | 0.061 |
BH | BD | NCI | NVCI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
q statistic | 0.016 | 0.196 | 0.101 | 0.271 |
BH | ||||
BD | Y | |||
NCI | Y | Y | ||
NVCI | Y | Y | Y |
BH | BD | NCI | NVCI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BH | 0.016 | |||
BD | 0.199 DE | 0.196 | ||
NCI | 0.115 DE | 0.233 DE | 0.101 | |
NVCI | 0.278 DE | 0.290 DE | 0.298 DE | 0.271 |
High-Dense Buildings | Low-Dense Buildings | Totality Number | |
---|---|---|---|
High-rise buildings | H-H (404) | H-L (149) | 553 |
Low-rise buildings | L-H (162) | L-L (126) | 288 |
Totality number | 566 | 275 | 841 |
Low-Rise Buildings | High-Rise Buildings | Low-Dense Buildings | High-Dense Buildings | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Low-dense to High-dense | 1.6 °C (LL-LH) | 1.6 °C (HL-HH) | ||
Low-rise to High-rise | 0.2 °C (LL-HL) | 0.2 °C (LH-HH) |
Season | R-Value |
---|---|
Spring | −0.080 * |
Summer | 0.237 *** |
Autumn | 0.416 *** |
Winter | −0.332 *** |
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Yan, H.; Wang, K.; Lin, T.; Zhang, G.; Sun, C.; Hu, X.; Ye, H. The Challenge of the Urban Compact Form: Three-Dimensional Index Construction and Urban Land Surface Temperature Impacts. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061067
Yan H, Wang K, Lin T, Zhang G, Sun C, Hu X, Ye H. The Challenge of the Urban Compact Form: Three-Dimensional Index Construction and Urban Land Surface Temperature Impacts. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(6):1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061067
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Han, Kai Wang, Tao Lin, Guoqin Zhang, Caige Sun, **nyue Hu, and Hong Ye. 2021. "The Challenge of the Urban Compact Form: Three-Dimensional Index Construction and Urban Land Surface Temperature Impacts" Remote Sensing 13, no. 6: 1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061067