Estimating Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Activities on Trophic Level of Inland Water: Analysis of Poyang Lake Basin, China, with Landsat-8 Observations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Data and Processing
2.2.1. In Situ Data Collection
2.2.2. Landsat OLI Images and Preprocessing
2.2.3. Meteorological, Anthropogenic, and Land Use Data
2.3. Motivation of Evaluation Factor for Eutrophication
2.4. Landsat-Based TLI Calibration
2.5. Assessments of the TLI Patterns and Driving Variables
2.6. Statistical Analysis and Accuracy Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation of the Applicability of Atmospheric Correction Algorithms to the Model of Trophic Level of Inland Waters
3.2. Validation of Algorithm in Landsat-Based TLI Calibration
3.3. Spatio-Temporal Variations in OLI-Derived TLI
3.4. Relationships between the TLI and Driving Forces
3.4.1. Meteorological Factors
3.4.2. Socio-Economic Factors
3.4.3. Land Use/Cover Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Driving Forces
4.2. Comparing with the Existing Algorithms
4.3. Limitations of Satellite Monitoring of Water Eutrophication
4.4. Implications for the Water Environment Management
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
The Total Population | GDP | Chemical Fertilizer Usage | Agrochemicals Usage | Crop Planting Area | GDP1 | GDP2 | GDP3 | Effective Irrigation Area | Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, and Livestock GDP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poyang Lake | 0.78 | 0.65 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.79 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.56 | 0.82 | 0.64 |
Zhelin Reservoir | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.71 | 0.81 | 0.85 |
Tao River | 0.81 | 0.72 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.66 | 0.81 | 0.79 |
Yangming Lake | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.78 | 0.78 |
Built-Up Land | Forest and Grassland | Water | Bare Land | Cropland | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poyang Lake | 0.59 | 0.69 | 0.76 | 0.89 | 0.72 |
Zhelin Reservoir | 0.55 | 0.78 | 0.62 | 0.70 | 0.60 |
Tao River | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.57 | 0.78 |
Yangming Lake | 0.66 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.72 | 0.74 |
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Band Combination | Correlation Coefficient | Band Combination | Correlation Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|
B1/(B3 + B5) | −0.6239 | B2/(B1 + B3) | −0.5914 |
B2/(B3 + B5) | −0.6034 | B3/(B2 + B3) | 0.5900 |
(B3 − B2)/(B1 + B2) | 0.6014 | (B3 − B2)/(B1 + B3) | 0.5897 |
B3/(B1 + B2) | 0.5993 | B4/(B1 + B2) | 0.5855 |
(B3 − B1)/(B1 + B2) | 0.5966 | (B5 − B2)/(B1 − B3) | −0.5850 |
Model | Equation Form | MAD | RMSD | MAPD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wen, et al. [10] | 4.33 | 5.31 | 9.39 | |
3.74 | 4.69 | 7.63 | ||
Duan, et al. [65] | 11.25 | 23.47 | 22.92 | |
Hu, et al. [7] | 4.49 | 5.33 | 9.21 | |
This study | 3.58 | 4.43 | 8.88 |
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Li, J.; Zheng, Z.; Liu, G.; Chen, N.; Lei, S.; Du, C.; Xu, J.; Li, Y.; Zhang, R.; Huang, C. Estimating Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Activities on Trophic Level of Inland Water: Analysis of Poyang Lake Basin, China, with Landsat-8 Observations. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061618
Li J, Zheng Z, Liu G, Chen N, Lei S, Du C, Xu J, Li Y, Zhang R, Huang C. Estimating Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Activities on Trophic Level of Inland Water: Analysis of Poyang Lake Basin, China, with Landsat-8 Observations. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(6):1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061618
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Jianzhong, Zhubin Zheng, Ge Liu, Na Chen, Shaohua Lei, Chao Du, Jie Xu, Yuan Li, Runfei Zhang, and Chao Huang. 2023. "Estimating Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Activities on Trophic Level of Inland Water: Analysis of Poyang Lake Basin, China, with Landsat-8 Observations" Remote Sensing 15, no. 6: 1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061618