Revealing the Hidden Consequences of Increased Soil Moisture Storage in Greening Drylands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Processing
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Validation of Groundwater Storage (GWS)
2.3.2. Calculation of Soil Moisture Storage (SMS) and GWS Anomaly (GWSA)
2.3.3. Trends and Correlation Analysis of Vegetation and Hydrological Factors
2.3.4. Soil Moisture Storage (SMS) Source Attribution Analysis
2.3.5. Driver Analysis of SMS and GWSA by Vegetation Restoration
2.3.6. Calculation of the Groundwater Drought Severity Index (GWSA-DSI)
3. Results
3.1. High Correlation between GRACE Data and Ground-Measured Data
3.2. Dryland Greening Does Not Trigger a Significant Decrease in SMS
3.3. The Increased SMS in Areas with Restored Vegetation Was Groundwater-Dominated
3.4. Main Driving Factors for SMS and GWS Changes
4. Discussion
4.1. Relationship between Dryland Vegetation Restoration and the Water Cycle
4.2. Concealed Risks of Groundwater Recharge in Dryland Degradation
4.3. Implications and Management Insights of This Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Requirements | Spatial Resolution | Time Scale | Sources |
---|---|---|---|
BTSSR boundary | — | — | [31] |
LUCC | 1 km | 1 km | RESDC |
NDVI | 1 km | Yearly | RESDC |
SMS | 0.25° | Monthly | GLDAS Noah [26] |
SWES | 0.25° | Monthly | GLDAS Noah [26] |
CWS | 0.25° | Monthly | GLDAS Noah [26] |
TWSA | 0.25° | Monthly | GRACE [27,32] |
PRE | 0.25° | Monthly | GPCC [33] |
AET | 0.25° | Yearly | GLEAM [34] |
QS | 0.25° | Monthly | GLDAS Noah [26] |
TEM | 0.25° | Monthly | ERA5 [35] |
Station Code | Station Name | Ecological Type | Longitude (°) | Latitude (°) | Altitude (m) | Mean Depth (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NMG | Inner Mongolia | Grassland | 116.700 | 43.630 | 1188 | 1267 |
ESD | Ordos | Desert | 110.180 | 39.480 | 1267 | 8.090 |
Type Area | Mean PRE (mm) | Ecological Type (%) | NDVI Initial | SMS Trend (cm/yr) | GWSA Trend (cm/yr) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | 473 | F:61; G:39 | 0.645 | 0.392 | −1.028 |
Type 2 | 407 | F:14; G:86 | 0.387 | 0.090 | −0.829 |
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Wang, Y.; Han, T.; Yang, Y.; Hai, Y.; Wen, Z.; Li, R.; Zheng, H. Revealing the Hidden Consequences of Increased Soil Moisture Storage in Greening Drylands. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 1819. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101819
Wang Y, Han T, Yang Y, Hai Y, Wen Z, Li R, Zheng H. Revealing the Hidden Consequences of Increased Soil Moisture Storage in Greening Drylands. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(10):1819. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101819
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yu, Tian Han, Yuze Yang, Yue Hai, Zhi Wen, Ruonan Li, and Hua Zheng. 2024. "Revealing the Hidden Consequences of Increased Soil Moisture Storage in Greening Drylands" Remote Sensing 16, no. 10: 1819. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101819