Inversion of Forest Aboveground Biomass in Regions with Complex Terrain Based on PolSAR Data and a Machine Learning Model: Radiometric Terrain Correction Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Study Area
2.2. PolSAR Data and Pre-Processing
2.3. Ground-Measured Forest AGB
2.4. SRTM DEM
3. Methods
3.1. Radiometric Terrain Correction for PolSAR
3.1.1. Polarization Orientation Angle Correction
3.1.2. Effective Scattering Area Correction
3.1.3. Angular Variation Effect Correction
3.2. Feature Extraction and Feature Derivation of PolSAR
3.2.1. Backscattering Coefficient Features of PolSAR
3.2.2. Polarization Decomposition Features of PolSAR
3.3. Forest AGB Regression Modeling Algorithms and Model Evaluation
4. Results
4.1. The Impact of Radiometric Terrain Correction on PolSAR Features
4.2. The Impact of Radiometric Terrain Correction on Polarization Decomposition Component
4.3. The Impact of Radiometric Terrain Correction on Regression Model Performance
5. Discussion
5.1. The Significance of Radiometric Terrain Correction
5.2. The Overcorrection of Radiometric Terrain Correction
5.3. Performance Comparison of Different Regression Models
5.4. Potential Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
ID | Features | NRTC/RTC | Significance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R_200711 | R_200725 | R_200808 | |||
1 | 0.12/0.58 | 0.16/0.63 | 0.14/0.60 | -/** | |
2 | 0.25/0.70 | 0.28/0.73 | 0.27/0.71 | */** | |
3 | 0.15/0.61 | 0.18/0.66 | 0.17/0.62 | -/** | |
4 | Span | 0.18/0.66 | 0.21/0.71 | 0.20/0.69 | -/** |
5 | R_HH/VV | −0.09/−0.09 | −0.10/−0.10 | −0.10/−0.10 | -/- |
6 | R_HH/HV | −0.74/−0.73 | −0.77/−0.76 | −0.76/−0.75 | **/** |
7 | R_VV/VH | −0.70/−0.69 | −0.74/−0.73 | −0.72/−0.70 | **/** |
8 | BMI | 0.14/0.62 | 0.17/0.66 | 0.15/0.65 | -/** |
9 | VSI | 0.70/0.67 | 0.73/0.71 | 0.71/0.68 | **/** |
10 | RVI | 0.70/0.67 | 0.73/0.71 | 0.71/0.68 | **/** |
11 | CSI | 0.091/0.089 | 0.096/0.094 | 0.096/0.095 | -/- |
12 | RFDI | −0.65/−0.64 | −0.68/−0.66 | −0.67/−0.65 | **/** |
13 | mRFDI | −0.63/−0.61 | −0.66/−0.64 | −0.65/−0.62 | **/** |
14 | F2O | 0.14/0.51 | 0.19/0.56 | 0.16/0.53 | -/** |
15 | F2V | 0.14/0.51 | 0.17/0.54 | 0.14/0.52 | -/** |
16 | F3D | 0.15/0.30 | 0.17/0.31 | 0.19/0.34 | -/* |
17 | F3O | 0.04/0.11 | 0.05/0.14 | 0.03/0.10 | -/- |
18 | F3V | 0.30/0.72 | 0.32/0.74 | 0.31/0.74 | */** |
19 | Y3D | 0.22/0.34 | 0.26/0.36 | 0.24/0.35 | -/* |
20 | Y3O | −0.03/0.10 | −0.04/0.15 | −0.04/0.11 | -/- |
21 | Y3V | 0.25/0.69 | 0.29/0.73 | 0.28/0.70 | -/** |
22 | Y4D | −0.04/0.21 | −0.05/0.23 | −0.04/0.21 | -/- |
23 | Y4O | −0.24/−0.44 | −0.25/−0.44 | −0.27/−0.45 | -/* |
24 | Y4V | 0.31/0.71 | 0.30/0.71 | 0.30/0.70 | */** |
25 | Y4H | 0.08/0.15 | 0.09/0.16 | 0.09/0.18 | -/- |
26 | M3D | 0.21/0.49 | 0.23/0.51 | 0.20/0.51 | -/** |
27 | M3O | 0.01/0.25 | 0.01/0.29 | 0.01/0.28 | -/- |
28 | M3V | 0.32/0.72 | 0.30/0.71 | 0.35/0.74 | */** |
29 | M4D | 0.25/0.60 | 0.24/0.58 | 0.22/0.57 | -/** |
30 | M4O | 0.01/0.28 | 0.01/0.28 | 0.01/0.30 | -/- |
31 | M4V | 0.29/0.71 | 0.30/0.72 | 0.32/0.74 | */** |
32 | M4H | 0.06/0.13 | 0.06/0.12 | 0.09/0.15 | -/- |
33 | A3D | 0.22/0.45 | 0.20/0.43 | 0.18/0.40 | -/* |
34 | A3O | 0.03/0.32 | 0.03/0.31 | 0.03/0.30 | -/- |
35 | A3V | 0.31/0.64 | 0.29/0.63 | 0.30/0.63 | -/** |
36 | V3D | 0.20/0.46 | 0.22/0.49 | 0.22/0.51 | -/* |
37 | V3O | 0.15/0.54 | 0.16/0.54 | 0.18/0.55 | -/** |
38 | V3V | 0.32/0.68 | 0.31/0.66 | 0.31/0.65 | */** |
39 | H | 0.61/0.62 | 0.61/0.63 | 0.60/0.63 | **/** |
40 | A | −0.07/−0.23 | −0.06/−0.23 | −0.07/−0.25 | -/- |
41 | α | 0.55/0.51 | 0.57/0.55 | 0.57/0.56 | **/** |
42 | C3D | 0.24/0.48 | 0.24/0.49 | 0.26/0.50 | -/* |
43 | C3O | 0.30/0.60 | 0.32/0.63 | 0.31/0.60 | -/** |
44 | C3V | −0.01/0.15 | −0.02/0.19 | −0.02/0.20 | -/- |
45 | K3S | 0.18/0.52 | 0.20/0.55 | 0.21/0.55 | -/** |
46 | K3D | 0.31/0.70 | 0.30/0.68 | 0.30/0.67 | */** |
47 | K3H | 0.05/0.08 | 0.05/0.08 | 0.05/0.07 | -/- |
48 | P3D | 0.20/0.60 | 0.22/0.63 | 0.22/0.65 | -/** |
49 | P3O | 0.13/0.52 | 0.14/0.54 | 0.15/0.55 | -/** |
50 | A3R_1 | 0.60/0.55 | 0.60/0.56 | 0.61/0.58 | **/** |
51 | A3R_2 | 0.62/0.59 | 0.62/0.58 | 0.63/0.60 | **/** |
52 | F2R_1 | −0.31/−0.12 | −0.33/−0.13 | −0.37/−0.15 | -/- |
53 | F2R_2 | −0.32/−0.15 | −0.34/−0.15 | −0.38/−0.17 | -/- |
54 | F3R_1 | 0.61/0.58 | 0.63/0.59 | 0.59/0.55 | **/** |
55 | F3R_2 | 0.69/0.60 | 0.70/0.61 | 0.71/0.61 | **/** |
56 | V3R_1 | 0.70/0.66 | 0.71/0.68 | 0.69/0.66 | **/** |
57 | V3R_2 | 0.72/0.70 | 0.73/0.70 | 0.71/0.69 | **/** |
58 | Y3R_1 | 0.65/0.61 | 0.65/0.62 | 0.64/0.60 | **/** |
59 | Y3R_2 | 0.70/0.64 | 0.72/0.64 | 0.70/0.63 | **/** |
60 | 0.30/0.70 | 0.31/0.72 | 0.31/0.71 | */** | |
61 | 0.50/0.81 | 0.54/0.86 | 0.52/0.82 | **/** | |
62 | 0.32/0.72 | 0.34/0.75 | 0.34/0.73 | */** | |
63 | Span_db | 0.38/0.79 | 0.40/0.82 | 0.40/0.80 | */** |
64 | R_HH/VV_db | −0.01/−0.01 | −0.098/−0.096 | −0.10/−0.10 | -/- |
65 | R_HH/HV_db | −0.57/−0.65 | −0.71/−0.69 | −0.70/−0.67 | **/** |
66 | R_VV/VH_db | −0.62/−0.60 | −0.66/−0.65 | −0.64/−0.63 | **/** |
67 | BMI_db | 0.30/0.73 | 0.32/0.76 | 0.30/0.75 | */** |
68 | VSI_db | 0.75/0.74 | 0.77/0.75 | 0.78/0.76 | **/** |
69 | RVI_db | 0.75/0.74 | 0.77/0.75 | 0.78/0.76 | **/** |
70 | CSI_db | 0.10/0.09 | 0.099/0.097 | 0.10/0.10 | -/- |
71 | RFDI_db | −0.62/−0.60 | −0.64/−0.61 | −0.65/−0.62 | **/** |
72 | mRFDI_db | NaN/NaN | NaN/NaN | NaN/NaN | -/- |
73 | F2O_db | 0.36/0.66 | 0.40/0.69 | 0.38/0.67 | */** |
74 | F2V_db | 0.23/0.53 | 0.25/0.56 | 0.25/0.54 | -/** |
75 | F3D_db | 0.35/0.45 | 0.37/0.46 | 0.38/0.48 | */* |
76 | F3O_db | −0.05/0.14 | −0.06/0.16 | −0.04/0.11 | -/- |
77 | F3V_db | 0.45/0.81 | 0.47/0.83 | 0.46/0.83 | */** |
78 | Y3D_db | 0.36/0.47 | 0.39/0.49 | 0.37/0.47 | */* |
79 | Y3O_db | −0.03/0.10 | −0.05/0.14 | −0.05/0.12 | -/- |
80 | Y3V_db | 0.42/0.72 | 0.45/0.75 | 0.43/0.72 | */** |
81 | Y4D_db | −0.05/0.27 | −0.07/0.29 | −0.05/0.27 | -/- |
82 | Y4O_db | −0.39/−0.65 | −0.40/−0.65 | −0.42/−0.67 | */** |
83 | Y4V_db | 0.54/0.84 | 0.53/0.84 | 0.53/0.83 | **/** |
84 | Y4H_db | 0.16/0.17 | 0.18/0.19 | 0.18/0.20 | -/- |
85 | M3D_db | 0.39/0.60 | 0.40/0.62 | 0.38/0.62 | */** |
86 | M3O_db | 0.04/0.32 | 0.05/0.35 | 0.05/0.34 | -/* |
87 | M3V_db | 0.55/0.83 | 0.54/0.82 | 0.58/0.85 | **/** |
88 | M4D_db | 0.41/0.63 | 0.40/0.62 | 0.39/0.60 | */** |
89 | M4O_db | 0.05/0.35 | 0.05/0.35 | 0.05/0.37 | -/* |
90 | M4V_db | 0.55/0.82 | 0.55/0.83 | 0.56/0.85 | **/** |
91 | M4H_db | 0.12/0.17 | 0.12/0.16 | 0.15/0.18 | -/- |
92 | A3D_db | 0.39/0.57 | 0.38/0.56 | 0.35/0.52 | */** |
93 | A3O_db | 0.05/0.38 | 0.05/0.37 | 0.04/0.35 | -/* |
94 | A3V_db | 0.50/0.79 | 0.49/0.79 | 0.49/0.80 | **/** |
95 | V3D_db | 0.38/0.55 | 0.41/0.57 | 0.41/0.59 | */** |
96 | V3O_db | 0.28/0.63 | 0.29/0.63 | 0.30/0.64 | -/** |
97 | V3V_db | 0.46/0.79 | 0.46/0.78 | 0.45/0.76 | **/** |
98 | H_db | 0.62/0.63 | 0.62/0.64 | 0.61/0.64 | **/** |
99 | A_db | −0.09/−0.06 | 0.08/−0.06 | 0.09/−0.08 | -/- |
100 | α_db | 0.54/0.50 | 0.56/0.53 | 0.56/0.54 | **/** |
101 | C3D_db | 0.33/0.57 | 0.33/0.58 | 0.35/0.59 | */** |
102 | C3O_db | 0.37/0.70 | 0.40/0.72 | 0.38/0.70 | */** |
103 | C3V_db | 0.02/0.23 | 0.04/0.26 | 0.04/0.27 | -/- |
104 | K3S_db | 0.31/0.58 | 0.34/0.61 | 0.35/0.61 | */** |
105 | K3D_db | 0.47/0.78 | 0.46/0.76 | 0.46/0.75 | */** |
106 | K3H_db | 0.09/0.09 | 0.089/0.092 | 0.09/0.09 | -/- |
107 | P3D_db | 0.35/0.63 | 0.38/0.65 | 0.38/0.67 | */** |
108 | P3O_db | 0.27/0.55 | 0.28/0.57 | 0.28/0.58 | -/** |
109 | A3R_1_db | 0.65/0.59 | 0.65/0.60 | 0.66/0.63 | **/** |
110 | A3R_2_db | 0.66/0.63 | 0.66/0.62 | 0.67/0.64 | **/** |
111 | F2R_1_db | −0.32/−0.15 | −0.36/−0.16 | −0.39/−0.18 | */- |
112 | F2R_2_db | −0.39/−0.19 | −0.39/−0.19 | −0.39/−0.19 | */- |
113 | F3R_1_db | 0.64/0.62 | 0.66/0.63 | 0.61/0.60 | **/** |
114 | F3R_2_db | 0.71/0.64 | 0.72/0.65 | 0.73/0.65 | **/** |
115 | V3R_1_db | 0.73/0.69 | 0.75/0.71 | 0.73/0.70 | **/** |
116 | V3R_2_db | 0.75/0.72 | 0.76/0.72 | 0.75/0.71 | **/** |
117 | Y3R_1_db | 0.69/0.64 | 0.69/0.65 | 0.67/0.62 | **/** |
118 | Y3R_2_db | 0.73/0.67 | 0.75/0.67 | 0.73/0.66 | **/** |
Model | R2_RTC | R2_NRTC | rRMSE_RTC (%) | rRMSE_NRTC (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
BysRidge | 0.86334 | 0.69453 | 18.11756 | 22.89453 |
ARD | 0.86213 | 0.71534 | 18.31867 | 22.57860 |
Lasso | 0.85586 | 0.68453 | 18.13603 | 23.37506 |
ElasticNet | 0.84783 | 0.68124 | 18.51316 | 22.56761 |
Ridge | 0.84704 | 0.64753 | 18.74611 | 23.45273 |
CatBoost | 0.82521 | 0.73013 | 18.14501 | 22.43760 |
XGBoost | 0.82202 | 0.74273 | 19.01550 | 21.37638 |
AdaBoost | 0.81934 | 0.69574 | 18.37307 | 22.45734 |
ET | 0.79859 | 0.70750 | 18.56786 | 22.89376 |
RF | 0.78988 | 0.68545 | 18.53375 | 22.45703 |
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Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Data formats and processing level | CEOS level 1.1 | Observation mode | HBQ |
Observation date of scene center | 27.8054° | Radar wavelength | 0.2424525 m |
Length of range direction | 49.8 km | Range resolution | 2.860844 m |
Length of azimuth direction | 69.3 km | Azimuth resolution | 2.642742 m |
Orbit direction | Ascending | Range pixel | 8392 |
Observation direction | Right looking | Azimuth pixel | 26,105 |
Tree Species | Allometric Equation | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Larix principis-rupprechtii | W = 0.1431 · DBH2.2193 | [60] |
Betula platyphylla | W = 0.0330 · DBH2.9314 | [61] |
Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica | W = 0.0930 · DBH2.3429 | [62] |
Pinus tabuliformis | W = 0.0520 · DBH2.5830 | [63] |
Acer truncatum | W = 0.1260 · DBH2.3830 | [64] |
Count | Min (t/ha) | Max (t/ha) | Mean (t/ha) | SD (t/ha) |
---|---|---|---|---|
132 | 36.39 | 166.58 | 103.88 | 32.31 |
Features | Symbol | Equation | Symbol (dB) | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Span | Span | Span_db | [67] | |
Co-Pol HH/VV Ratio | R_HH/VV | R_HH/VV_db | [67] | |
Cross-Pol HH/HV Ratio | R_HH/HV | R_HH/HV_db | [67] | |
Cross-Pol VV/VH Ratio | R_VV/VH | R_VV/VH_db | [68] | |
Biomass Index | BMI | BMI_db | [69] | |
Volume Scattering Index | VSI | VSI_db | [69] | |
Canopy Structure Index | CSI | CSI_db | [69] | |
Radar Vegetation Index | RVI | RVI_db | [70] | |
Radar Forest Degradation Index | RFDI | RFDI_db | [71] | |
modified RFDI | mRFDI | mRFDI_db | [72] |
Decomposition Methods | Abbreviation | Symbol | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Freeman two-component | FRE2 | F2V, F2O | [73] |
Freeman three-component | FRE3 | F3V, F3D, F3O | [74] |
Yamaguchi three-component | YAM3 | Y3V, Y3D, Y3O | [75] |
Yamaguchi four-component | YAM4 | Y4V, Y4D, Y4O, Y4H | [76] |
Van Zyl three-component | VAZ3 | V3V, V3D, V3O | [77] |
An and Yang three-component | ANY3 | A3V, A3D, A3O | [78] |
Model-free three-component | MF3CF | M3V, M3D, M3O | [79] |
Model-free four-component | MF4CF | M4V, M4D, M4O, M4H | [80] |
Cloude three-component | CLD3 | C3V, C3D, C3O | [81] |
Krogager three-component | KRO3 | K3S, K3D, K3H | [82] |
H-A-alpha | HAα | H, A, α | [83] |
Pauli three-component | PAU3 | P3D, P3O | [84] |
Symbol | Equation | Symbol (dB) | Source |
---|---|---|---|
F2R_1 | F2R_1_db | [85] | |
F3R_1 | F3R_1_db | [85] | |
A3R_1 | A3R_1_db | [85] | |
V3R_1 | V3R_1_db | [85] | |
Y3R_1 | Y3R_1_db | [85] | |
F2R_2 | F2R_2_db | [86] | |
F3R_2 | F3R_2_db | [86] | |
A3R_2 | A3R_2_db | [86] | |
V3R_2 | V3R_2_db | [86] | |
Y3R_2 | Y3R_2_db | [86] |
Model | Python Package | Module | Estimator | Category |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ridge | scikit-learn (v1.4.2) | sklearn.linear_model | Ridge | linear |
Lasso | scikit-learn (v1.4.2) | sklearn.linear_model | Lasso | linear |
ElasticNet | scikit-learn (v1.4.2) | sklearn.linear_model | ElasticNet | linear |
BysRidge | scikit-learn (v1.4.2) | sklearn.linear_model | BayesianRidge | linear |
ARD | scikit-learn (v1.4.2) | sklearn.linear_model | ARDRegression | linear |
RF | scikit-learn (v1.4.2) | sklearn.ensemble | RandomForestRegressor | non-parametric |
ET | scikit-learn (v1.4.2) | sklearn.ensemble | ExtraTreesRegressor | non-parametric |
AdaBoost | scikit-learn (v1.4.2) | sklearn.ensemble | AdaBoostRegressor | non-parametric |
XGBoost | xgboost (v2.0.3) | xgboost | XGBRegressor | non-parametric |
CatBoost | catboost (v1.2.3) | catboost | CatBoostRegressor | non-parametric |
Algorithm | Boruta | RFECV | RF | Optuna |
---|---|---|---|---|
package | Boruta (v0.3) | scikit-learn (v1.4.2) | scikit-learn (v1.4.2) | Optuna (v3.6.0) |
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Nie, Y.; Sa, R.; Chumachenko, S.; Hu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Fan, W. Inversion of Forest Aboveground Biomass in Regions with Complex Terrain Based on PolSAR Data and a Machine Learning Model: Radiometric Terrain Correction Assessment. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 2229. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122229
Nie Y, Sa R, Chumachenko S, Hu Y, Wang Y, Fan W. Inversion of Forest Aboveground Biomass in Regions with Complex Terrain Based on PolSAR Data and a Machine Learning Model: Radiometric Terrain Correction Assessment. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(12):2229. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122229
Chicago/Turabian StyleNie, Yonghui, Rula Sa, Sergey Chumachenko, Yifan Hu, Youzhu Wang, and Wenyi Fan. 2024. "Inversion of Forest Aboveground Biomass in Regions with Complex Terrain Based on PolSAR Data and a Machine Learning Model: Radiometric Terrain Correction Assessment" Remote Sensing 16, no. 12: 2229. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122229