Simulation of Spectral Albedo and Bidirectional Reflectance over Snow-Covered Urban Canyon: Model Development and Factor Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Geometric Modeling of Urban Canyons
2.3. Satellite Albedo Product
2.4. Snow ART Model
2.5. Spectral Albedo Data for Urban Surfaces
2.6. Monte Carlo Ray-Tracing Method
3. Model Validation
3.1. Validation over Flat Surfaces
3.2. Validation with MODIS Albedo Observations
4. Results
4.1. Building Coverage
4.2. Building Height
4.3. Snow Coverage
4.4. Snow Grain Size
4.5. Soot Pollutant Concentration
4.6. Solar Zenith Angle
4.7. Influence of Intertwined Factors on Snow-Covered Urban Albedo
5. Discussions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Range | Default |
---|---|---|---|
building coverage | - | 10–50% | 25% |
building height | meter | 10–90 | 50 |
length of x | km | - | 2.5 |
length of y | km | - | 2.5 |
snow coverage | - | 20–100% | 80% |
snow grain size | µm | 1000–5000 | 3600 |
pollutant concentration | ppb | – | 500 |
zenith angle | degree | 40–80 | 70 |
azimuth angle | degree | 0–180 | 0 |
Band | Wavelength | Spectra |
---|---|---|
Band 1 | 620–670 nm | Red |
Band 2 | 841–876 nm | NIR |
Band 3 | 459–479 nm | Blue |
Band 4 | 545–565 nm | Green |
Band 5 | 1230–1250 nm | SWIR |
Band 6 | 1628–1652 nm | SWIR |
Band 7 | 2105–2155 nm | SWIR |
No. | Surface | Method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
1 | sastrugi over rough snow | Photometric Roughness Model and a multiple scattering model | Leroux and Fily [51] |
2 | macroscopic rough snow | Monte Carlo ray-tracing method | Larue et al. [30] |
3 | small-scale rough snow | Ray-tracing method with photon recollision probability theory | Manninen et al. [53] |
4 | mountain | Monte Carlo ray-tracing method | Lee et al. [26], Liou et al. [52] |
5 | mountain | Monte Carlo ray-tracing method | Chu et al. [9] |
6 | mountain | RTLSR BRDF model | Bertoncini et al. [54] |
7 | forest | hybrid geometric optical-radiative transfer model | Chen et al. [11] |
8 | forest | photon recollision probability theory | Jääskeläinen and Manninen [55] |
9 | urban | Monte Carlo ray-tracing method | This Study |
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Chen, Q.-X.; Gao, Z.-Y.; Huang, C.-L.; Dong, S.-K.; Lin, K.-F. Simulation of Spectral Albedo and Bidirectional Reflectance over Snow-Covered Urban Canyon: Model Development and Factor Analysis. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 2340. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132340
Chen Q-X, Gao Z-Y, Huang C-L, Dong S-K, Lin K-F. Simulation of Spectral Albedo and Bidirectional Reflectance over Snow-Covered Urban Canyon: Model Development and Factor Analysis. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(13):2340. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132340
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Qi-**ang, Zi-Yi Gao, Chun-Lin Huang, Shi-Kui Dong, and Kai-Feng Lin. 2024. "Simulation of Spectral Albedo and Bidirectional Reflectance over Snow-Covered Urban Canyon: Model Development and Factor Analysis" Remote Sensing 16, no. 13: 2340. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132340