Exploring Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Red Sea Air Quality through Multivariate Analysis, Trajectories, and Satellite Observations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Method
2.1. Study Region
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Data
2.2.2. Correlation Analysis
2.2.3. Back Trajectory Analysis
2.2.4. Principal Component Analysis
2.2.5. NOAA HYSPLIT Model
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Correlation Analysis
3.3. Spatiotemporal Variation in Aerosol Index and Trace Gas Distribution
3.4. Back Trajectory Analysis
3.5. Principal Component Analysis
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Name | Product Name | Instrument | Spatial Resolution |
---|---|---|---|
NO2 | Sentinel-5P NRTI NO2 | TROPOMI Sentinel-5 Precursor | 1113.2 m × 1113.2 m |
SO2 | Sentinel-5P OFFL SO2 | ||
O3 | Sentinel-5P OFFL O3 | ||
CO | Sentinel-5P OFFL CO | ||
AI | Sentinel-5P OFFL AER AI | ||
SST | NOAA CDR OISST v2 | NOAA | 0.05° × 0.05° |
AT | NOAA CDR | ||
WS | |||
SH | |||
WV | MERRA-2 | GEOS-5 | 0.5° × 0.625° |
Statistics | SH (g/kg) | WS (ms−1) | AT (°C) | SST (°C) | NO2 (μmolm−2) | SO2 (μmolm−2) | O3 (μmolm−2) | CO (μmolm−2) | AI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 16.9 | 4.68 | 27.9 | 28.4 | 50.1 | 195 | 0.118 | 31905 | −0.699 |
Standard deviation | 1.45 | 1.37 | 1.98 | 2.34 | 7.32 | 141 | 0.00507 | 3701 | 0.726 |
Minimum | 12.6 | 2.54 | 23.4 | 22.1 | 27.8 | 6.34 | 0.104 | 18874 | −3.13 |
Maximum | 20.1 | 8.82 | 31.1 | 32.1 | 70.0 | 763 | 0.128 | 44683 | 1.96 |
Skewness | −0.737 | 0.810 | −0.499 | −0.363 | 0.280 | 1.10 | −0.723 | 0.307 | 0.951 |
Variables | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
---|---|---|---|
Air temperature | 0.944 | - | - |
Sea Surface Temperature | 0.925 | - | - |
Specific Humidity | 0.691 | - | - |
Wind Speed | −0.753 | - | - |
NO2 | - | 0.752 | |
SO2 | - | - | 0.937 |
O3 | 0.652 | 0.55 | - |
CO | −0.650 | - | - |
AI | - | 0.739 | - |
Eigenvalue | 3.87 | 1.21 | 1.02 |
Variability (%) | 42.97 | 13.46 | 11.28 |
Cumulative (%) | 43.0 | 56.4 | 77.3 |
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Mitra, B.; Hridoy, A.-E.E.; Mahmud, K.; Uddin, M.S.; Talha, A.; Das, N.; Nath, S.K.; Shafiullah, M.; Rahman, S.M.; Rahman, M.M. Exploring Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Red Sea Air Quality through Multivariate Analysis, Trajectories, and Satellite Observations. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020381
Mitra B, Hridoy A-EE, Mahmud K, Uddin MS, Talha A, Das N, Nath SK, Shafiullah M, Rahman SM, Rahman MM. Exploring Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Red Sea Air Quality through Multivariate Analysis, Trajectories, and Satellite Observations. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(2):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020381
Chicago/Turabian StyleMitra, Bijoy, Al-Ekram Elahee Hridoy, Khaled Mahmud, Mohammed Sakib Uddin, Abu Talha, Nayan Das, Sajib Kumar Nath, Md Shafiullah, Syed Masiur Rahman, and Muhammad Muhitur Rahman. 2024. "Exploring Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Red Sea Air Quality through Multivariate Analysis, Trajectories, and Satellite Observations" Remote Sensing 16, no. 2: 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020381