Inspecting Pond Fabric Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Assisted Modeling, Smartphone Augmented Reality, and a Gaming Engine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Studies
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Map Resources and Cross-Referencing
3.2. Evolvement Assessment
3.3. UAV-Based 3D Reconstruction
3.4. Interaction Comparison of Pond Peripheries Using AR and Gaming Platforms
4. Results
- Buildings and infrastructure (Figure 12a): Buildings and infrastructure are indicators of development based on mass, height, or density. Examples include apartments, MRT stations, department stores, sanheyuans, and schools. The different 3D configurations of fabrics, which present the changes made over decades, especially stand out when multiple models are interactively allocated using different levels of adjacency and orientation.
- Skylines (Figure 12b): The skyline is an indicator of the characteristic development of a local area compared with the open space of a pond.
- Relative openness between buildings and ponds (Figure 12c): The relative openness is one of the factors that determine whether a pond periphery is over-developed. Interstitial space is usually missing or is merely presented by a pavement or a road.
- Pond- or axis-centered development (Figure 12d): Various patterns have been developed to determine the peripheral areas of ponds to assess their geospatial characteristics, as indicated by red dash lines. The purpose of our side-by-side AR reference was two-fold: pond-centered comparisons and axis-centered comparisons. The former highlighted the volumetric differences in urban fabrics around ponds. The latter highlighted the pattern of occupancy along streets or the edge of the 3D model.
- Relationship between sanheyuans and ponds (Figure 12e): A pond is a small-scale water reservoir that supports irrigation, people’s livelihoods, and fish farming. Pond-centered AR models provide updated as-built information to reconstruct the spatial relationships between the original design and the new urban fabric after years of occupancy, as indicated by red dash lines. A few sanheyuans have kept the traditional layout of a moon-shaped pond in front of the house.
- Development intensity and stage (Figure 12f): Each pond has a unique development type. In AR, ponds were aligned using stripes to illustrate how the urban fabric was formed in the peripheries.
- Development intensity: Linear cuts of the eight ponds were made from one end to the next. Chung Yuan Eco Pond Park, which is located third from the front, has a higher residence density than other ponds, such as Public Pond. The intensity of development is made more visible when the AR view is tilted 45 degrees to reveal the skylines.
- Development stages: Chung Yuan Eco Pond Park is surrounded by low-altitude buildings and factories. It was developed earlier than Blue Pond Park, which is located near a new district promoted by THSR station. Although the latter is still under development, the new region has taller residences and an MRT station located to the southeast. The combination of the elevated MRT and pond landscape presents a different scene to that of the street located next to old residences and factories.
- Radial development (Figure 12g): The UAV models were segmented by stripped radial cuts starting from the pond center in order to highlight the specific characteristics of each pond. This process narrows down the dominant construction by illustrating relative variations in skylines across regions.
- Mixed and differentiated representation (Figure 12h): The representation was made using building type with side-by-side layout and overlapped layout. Characteristic building types include residences that feature a large number of diversified forms, from old sanheyuans to new communities, old elementary schools constructed in the 1960s, and new THSR-initialized urban planning in the 21st century. The unique sanheyuans were segmented into individual AR models for comparison.
- Relative distance between sanheyuans and ponds (Figure 12i): The relative distance illustrates the initial relationship between residences and water sources. The infill between sanheyuans and ponds demonstrates a transition from farmland to new constructions. The semi-enclosed courtyards of sanheyuans were used to process farm goods. The AR models were placed in a parallel layout, with the farmland located between them, to highlight the remaining old sanheyuans and ponds. A physical ruler was placed in the background as a reference for the scaled AR model. As a result, we determined that most of the infill is occupied by residences and interrupts the old axis of the cultural landscape.
4.5. Unreal Engine Interactive Analysis
5. Discussion
5.1. Evolving Interstitial Space
5.2. Role Substitution of the Agricultural Fabric
5.3. Conflict Resolution of Policy and TOD Instrumentation
5.4. Three-Dimensional Virtual Dynamics
5.5. Relationship between Assessment and 3D Simulation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Bade Pond Ecology | Chung Yuan Eco Pond Park | Blue Pond Park | Photovoltaic Pond (Shinwu) | **aoli Pond | **anglu Ecology Pond Park | Hengshan Calligraphy Park | Public Pond | Subtotal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GIS aerial images | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 21 |
UAV images | 347 | 359 | 418 | 382 | 738 | 290 | 1299 | 6318 | 10,151 |
3D pond models | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
3D sub-models | 10 | 6 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 69 |
Skyline presentations | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 29 | |||
Sanheyuans | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 11 |
Buildings and Infrastructure | Skylines | Relative Openness Bet. Buildings and Pond | Pond- or Axis- Centered Development | Relationship Bet. Sanheyuan and Pond | Development Intensity and Stage | Radial Development | Mixed and Differentiated Representation | Relative Distance Bet. Sanheyuan and Pond | Subtotal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AR comparisons | 6 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 17 | 6 | 55 |
AR models | 13 | 8 | 3 | 12 | 4 | 10 | 6 | 29 | 15 | 100 |
UE® comparisons | 2 | 2 | ||||||||
UE® models | 4 | 4 |
Total | B 1 | B 2 | B 3 | B 4 | C 1 | C 2 | C 3 | C 4 | C 5 | BP 1 | BP 2 | BP 3 | BP 4 | BP 5 | S 1 | S 2 | S 3 | S 4 | S 5 | X 1 | X 2 | X 3 | X 4 | X 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sanheyuan | 12 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||
Community | 13 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||
Apartment | 22 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Office | 10 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
Retail | 1 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Factory | 15 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
Farmland | 14 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
Greenhouse | 9 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
Recycling | 6 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||
Traffic infra. | 5 | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||||||
skyline included | veteran home | univ. | univ. | univ. park | univ. park | univ. park | const. park | const. park | const. | const. park | parkg. baseb. Park | school weather fair | school weather fair | school weather fair | const. | school weather fair | grave. | pond | pond | grave. |
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Shih, N.-J.; Tasi, Y.-T.; Qiu, Y.-T.; Hsu, T.-W. Inspecting Pond Fabric Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Assisted Modeling, Smartphone Augmented Reality, and a Gaming Engine. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 943. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16060943
Shih N-J, Tasi Y-T, Qiu Y-T, Hsu T-W. Inspecting Pond Fabric Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Assisted Modeling, Smartphone Augmented Reality, and a Gaming Engine. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(6):943. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16060943
Chicago/Turabian StyleShih, Naai-Jung, Yun-Ting Tasi, Yi-Ting Qiu, and Ting-Wei Hsu. 2024. "Inspecting Pond Fabric Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Assisted Modeling, Smartphone Augmented Reality, and a Gaming Engine" Remote Sensing 16, no. 6: 943. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16060943