Estimation of Supraglacial Dust and Debris Geochemical Composition via Satellite Reflectance and Emissivity
Abstract
:1. Context
2. Study Areas
3. Data Collection and Methods
3.1. Field Sampling and Geochemical Analysis
3.2. Spectral Satellite Data and Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Use of Multispectral Reflectance Response Patterns
4.2. Use of Hyperspectral Reflectance Response Patterns
4.3. Use of Emissivity to Measure Silica Content
4.4. Use of Emissivity to Calculate Surface Temperature and Explore Mineral Influences
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Study Region, Glacier (Latitude, Longitude) | Glacier Type, Influences | Mean Annual Temp., Precipitation Elevation (m.a.s.l.) |
---|---|---|
Zermatt Area, Switzerland (46.00 N 7.65 E) | Mid-latitude, valley glaciers dust and debris covered | 3.5 °C, 700 mm 2,240–4,450 m |
Khumbu, Ngozumpa, Nepal (27.98 N 86.84 E) | Debris covered continental valley glaciers. | −2.4 °C, 470 mm |
Temperate, summer accumulation | 4,900–8,848 m | |
central ice caps, Iceland (64.30 N, 18.05 W) | Near-Arctic, maritime ice caps, volcanic influences | −0.4°C, 740 mm 0–2,100 m |
Mt. Ruapehu area, New Zealand (39.27 S 175.56 E) | Cirque glaciers, volcanic influences | 6.1 °C, 1,100 mm 2,200–2,797 m |
Location | Date | Latitude/Longitude | Elevation (m a.s.l.) | Debris type |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mid-Findelen | 3 October 2010 | 46.0108°N 7.8267°E | 2,675 | silt, gravel, rock |
Lower Findelen | 29 September 2010 | 46.0109°N 7.8237°E | 2,590 | silt, gravel, rock |
Northern Zmutt | 2 October 2010 | 46.0023°N 7.6528°E | 2,345 | gravel, rock |
Mid-Zmutt | 7 October 2010 | 46.0026°N 7.6560°E | 2,255 | silt, gravel, rock |
Southern Zmutt | 7 October 2010 | 45.9989°N 7.6560°E | 2,279 | rock |
Upper Ngozumpa | 27 November 2009 | 27.9568°N 86.6980°E | 4,760 | silt, sand, gravel, rock |
Mid-Ngozumpa | 29 November 2009 | 27.9537°N 86.6992°E | 4,750 | gravel, rock |
Lower Ngozumpa | 26 November 2009 | 27.9511°N 86.7020°E | 4,790 | soil, gravel |
Upper Khumbu | 6 December 2009 | 27.9998°N 86.8511°E | 5,280 | gravel |
Mid-Khumbu | 5 December 2009 | 27.9874°N 86.8405°E | 5,180 | sand, rock |
Lower Khumbu | 4 December 2009 | 27.9763°N 86.8304°E | 5,100 | silt, rock |
Eyjafjallajökull | 15 April 2010 | 55 km east of crater | 100 | ash |
Mangatoetoenui | 5 March 2010 | 39.275°S 175.590°E | 2,450 | fine and gravel sized tephra |
Region, Glacier | Principal Minerals | Na2O | MgO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | CaO | MnO | Fe2O3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Switzerland | ||||||||
Findelen (n=9) | quartz, amphibole, plagioclase | 2.42 | 8.10 | 13.70 | 54.34 | 5.11 | 0.13 | 7.82 |
Zmutt (n=15) | quartz, plagioclase, serpentine | 2.5 | 5.96 | 13.65 | 53.91 | 5.92 | 0.10 | 5.96 |
Nepal | ||||||||
Khumbu (n=14) | feldspar, mica, quartz | 2.60 | 1.76 | 13.68 | 60.76 | 5.82 | 0.08 | 4.43 |
Ngozumpa (n=8) | quartz, feldspar, mica | 2.64 | 1.30 | 11.93 | 56.05 | 10.67 | 0.07 | 3.48 |
Iceland | ||||||||
Eyjafjallajökull [after 51] | cristobalite, anorthite, pyroxene | 5.01 | 2.3 | 14.87 | 57.98 | 5.5 | 0.24 | (FeO 9.75) |
New Zealand | ||||||||
Mangatoetoenui (n=2) | plagioclase, pyroxene | 2.89 | 4.23 | 15.00 | 55.54 | 7.07 | 0.12 | 7.69 |
Study Region | Sensor, Product | Date, Method / Use |
---|---|---|
Switzerland | ASTER, AST_07XT | 29 July 2004, reflectance |
ASTER, AST_05 | 21 July 2006, TIR SiO2 | |
ASTER, AST_08 | 7 July 2010, surface temperature | |
Landsat TM | 1 September 2010, imagery | |
Nepal | ALI | 4 October 2010, imagery |
ASTER, AST_07XT, AST_05, AST_08 | 29 November 2005, reflectance, TIR SiO2, surface temperature | |
Hyperion | 13 May 2002, hyperspectral reflectance | |
Iceland | ASTER, AST_07XT, AST_05, AST_08 | 25 August 2010, reflectance, TIR SiO2, surface temperature |
Hyperion | 24 September 2001, hyperspectral reflectance | |
Landsat ETM+ | 25 August 2010, surface temperature | |
MODIS, MOD09GA | 28 August 2010, reflectance | |
New Zealand | ASTER, AST_07XT, AST_05, AST_08 | 9 January 2008, reflectance, TIR SiO2 surface temperature |
Hyperion | 13 September 2009, hyperspectral reflectance |
Region, Date | Glacier | Satellite Reflectance per Spectral Band, (Band median wavelength shown directly below band number (μm)) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOD1 0.469 | MOD2 0.555 | MOD3 0.645 | MOD4 0.859 | MOD5 1.24 | MOD6 1.64 | MOD7 2.13 | ||||
Iceland 28 August 2010 | Hofsjökull, less tephra n=35pts @ 500m | 0.469 (0.054) | 0.499 (0.059) | 0.482 (0.057) | 0.392 (0.042) | 0.055 (0.008) | 0.009 (0.003) | |||
Vatnajökull, less tephra n=419pts @ 500m | 0.380 (0.047) | 0.387 (0.050) | 0.374 (0.047) | 0.319 (0.034) | 0.081 (0.053) | 0.013 (0.004) | 0.005 (0.002) | |||
Mỳradalsjökull, less tephra n=42pts @ 500m | 0.172 (0.013) | 0.188 (0.014) | 0.193 (0.015) | 0.187 (0.015) | 0.060 (0.009) | 0.013 (0.001) | 0.005 (0.002) | |||
Mỳradalsjökull, heavy tephra n=203pts @ 500m | 0.014 (0.005) | 0.019 (0.005) | 0.023 (0.005) | 0.021 (0.024) | 0.021 (0.002) | 0.017 (0.002) | ||||
AST1 0.56 | AST2 0.66 | AST3 0.82 | AST4 1.65 | AST5 2.17 | AST6 2.21 | AST7 2.26 | AST8 2.33 | AST9 2.40 | ||
Switzerland 29 July 2004 | Zmutt, icefall n=65 @ 15m, 16 @ 30m | 0.439 (0.087) | 0.366 (0.075) | 0.321 (0.056) | 0.058 (0.006) | 0.051 (0.005) | 0.042 (0.004) | 0.046 (0.003) | 0.038 (0.006) | 0.047 (0.002) |
Zmutt, northern debris n=106 @ 15m, 28 @ 30m | 0.230 (0.008) | 0.211 (0.011) | 0.235 (0.011) | 0.223 (0.004) | 0.178 (0.004) | 0.165 (0.004) | 0.149 (0.003) | 0.137 (0.003) | 0.161 (0.005) | |
Zmutt, southern debris n=354 @ 15m, 84 @ 30m | 0.223 (0.014) | 0.188 (0.014) | 0.201 (0.011) | 0.198 (0.006) | 0.158 (0.007) | 0.147 (0.006) | 0.123 (0.006) | 0.106 (0.006) | 0.133 (0.007) | |
Nepal 29 November 2005 | Khumbu, bare ice n=475@15m,144@30m | 0.588 (0.132) | 0.480 (0.103) | 0.319 (0.055) | 0.082 (0.008) | 0.078 (0.008) | 0.077 (0.008) | 0.082 (0.008) | 0.068 (0.008) | 0.072 (0.007) |
Khumbu, heavy schistic debris n=1052 @ 15m, 270 @ 30m | 0.245 (0.038) | 0.229 (0.036) | 0.219 (0.033) | 0.229 (0.028) | 0.202 (0.020) | 0.200 (0.021) | 0.210 (0.022) | 0.187 (0.022) | 0.180 (0.021) | |
Khumbu, heavy granitic debris n=652 @ 15m, 165 @ 30m | 0.339 (0.061) | 0.328 (0.063) | 0.321 (0.058) | 0.379 (0.053) | 0.279 (0.038) | 0.271 (0.039) | 0.304 (0.041) | 0.274 (0.040) | 0.254 (0.039) | |
New Zealand 9 January 2008 | Mangaehuehu, least tephra n=433 @ 15m, 108 @ 30m | 0.793 (0.042) | 0.667 (0.038) | 0.557 (0.029) | 0.049 (0.004) | 0.028 (0.014) | 0.017 (0.011) | 0.015 (0.012) | 0.018 (0.010) | 0.015 (0.016) |
Mangatoetoenui, slight tephra n=419 @ 15m, 104 @ 30m | 0.672 (0.058) | 0.581 (0.049) | 0.511 (0.034) | 0.050 (0.004) | 0.023 (0.011) | 0.016 (0.013) | 0.014 (0.009) | 0.019 (0.010) | 0.018 (0.017) | |
Whakapapa, heavy tephra n=333 @ 15m, 77 @ 30m | 0.178 (0.015) | 0.135 (0.013) | 0.164 (0.011) | 0.106 (0.009) | 0.065 (0.015) | 0.067 (0.014) | 0.063 (0.013) | 0.071 (0.014) | 0.076 (0.017) |
Region, Date | Glacier | Temp (°C) | Std. Dev. | No. pixels | Δ Tdebris – Tbareice (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Switzerland 7 July 2010 | Gornergletscher, upper, slight dust | 2.2 | (0.5) | 42 | 26.6 |
Gornergletscher, lower, bare ice | 3.5 | (0.5) | 23 | ||
Zmuttgletscher, heavy debris | 28.8 | (1.4) | 40 | ||
Nepal 29 November 2005 | Khumbu, bare ice | −4.9 | 1.8 | 19 | 12.7 |
Khumbu, heavy schistic debris | 6.2 | 2.4 | 40 | ||
Khumbu, heavy granitic debris | 7.8 | 2.1 | 14 | ||
Iceland 25 August 2010 | Vatnajökull*, light tephra | −3.3 | (0.3) | 6915 | 5.9 |
Mỳradalsjökull, light tephra | 1.3 | (0.3) | 68 | ||
Mỳradalsjökull, moderate tephra | 1.8 | (0.4) | 119 | ||
Mỳradalsjökull, heavy tephra | 2.6 | (0.5) | 455 | ||
New Zealand 9 January 2008 | Mangaehuehu, least tephra | 3.2 | 0.5 | 14 | 15.2 |
Mangatoetoenui, slight tephra | 3.8 | 1.1 | 12 | ||
Whakapapa, heavy tephra | 18.4 | 2.8 | 10 |
Share and Cite
Casey, K.; Kääb, A. Estimation of Supraglacial Dust and Debris Geochemical Composition via Satellite Reflectance and Emissivity. Remote Sens. 2012, 4, 2554-2575. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4092554
Casey K, Kääb A. Estimation of Supraglacial Dust and Debris Geochemical Composition via Satellite Reflectance and Emissivity. Remote Sensing. 2012; 4(9):2554-2575. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4092554
Chicago/Turabian StyleCasey, Kimberly, and Andreas Kääb. 2012. "Estimation of Supraglacial Dust and Debris Geochemical Composition via Satellite Reflectance and Emissivity" Remote Sensing 4, no. 9: 2554-2575. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4092554