Integrating Data of ASTER and Landsat-8 OLI (AO) for Hydrothermal Alteration Mineral Map** in Duolong Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit, Tibetan Plateau, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and L8’s Operational Land Imager (OLI) Data
3.2. Integration of ASTER and L8 OLI Data
3.2.1. Pre-Processing of ASTER and OLI
3.2.2. ASTER+OLI (AO) Integration Methods
3.3. Spectral Measurements
3.4. Spectral Properties
3.5. Hydrothermal Alteration Mineral Map** Methods
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) Transform
4.2. Mineral Map** Results
4.2.1. Al-OH Abundance
4.2.2. Mg-OH Abundance
4.2.3. Ferric and Ferrous Iron Abundance
4.3. Remotely Sensed Hydrothermal Alteration Zones of the Duolong PCD
5. Conclusions
- (a)
- The analysis of ASTER and AO data using Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transform reveals that a combination of ASTER and L8-OLI data (AO) has more mineral information content than either alone. The results of FI1 (B7/B1) and FI2 derived from AO data illustrate good compensatory capabilities, with OLI being well suited for discerning ferric iron minerals and ASTER enabling distinctions between other clay and sulfate mineral species.
- (b)
- The remote sensing study outlines a full picture of the surface-exposed alteration zones. There are three alteration group minerals from the interior to the exterior of Duobuza PCD: Al-OH2 (muscovite, kaolinite, illite, smectite), Al-OH3 (kaolinite, dickite), and Mg-OH2 (chlorite, epidote), which indicate the phyllic, argillic and propylitic alteration zones. Moreover, there are also two alteration group minerals from the interior to the exterior in the Bolong PCD—Al-OH2 (muscovite, kaolinite, illite, smectite) and Al-OH3 (kaolinite, dickite)—which indicate the presence of phyllic and argillic zones. In addition, gossans are also well mapped using the AO VNIR data. The distribution patterns of these alteration zones show a good correlation with the alteration zones derived by field investigations.
- (c)
- In accordance with the characterizations of the remote alteration group minerals, three propositions are delineated around the Duolong PCD. The proposition of Nadun (III, Figure 11) has been validated by primary field works. The authors believe that the three propositions are promising locations for future copper and gold exploration in this part of Duolong.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Sensors | Subsystem | Band Number | Spectral Range (μm) | Ltypical SNR 1 | Spatial Resolution (m) | Swath Width (km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASTER | VNIR | 1 | 0.52~0.60 | 370 | 15 | 60 |
2 | 0.63~0.69 | 306 | ||||
3N | 0.78~0.86 | 202 | ||||
3B | 0.78~0.86 | 183 | ||||
SWIR | 4 | 1.600~1.700 | 466 | 30 | ||
5 | 2.145~2.185 | 254 | ||||
6 | 2.185~2.225 | 229 | ||||
7 | 2.235~2.285 | 234 | ||||
8 | 2.295~2.365 | 258 | ||||
9 | 2.360~2.430 | 231 | ||||
ETM+ | VNIR | 8(Pan) | 0.520~0.900 | 16 | 15 | 185 |
1 | 0.450~0.515 | 40 | 30 | |||
2 | 0.525~0.605 | 41 | ||||
3 | 0.633~0.690 | 28 | ||||
4 | 0.780~0.900 | 35 | ||||
SWIR | 5 | 1.550~1.750 | 36 | |||
7 | 2.090~2.350 | 29 | ||||
OLI | VNIR | 8(Pan) | 0.500~0.680 | 149 | 15 | 185 |
1 | 0.433~0.453 | 238 | 30 | |||
2 | 0.450~0.515 | 364 | ||||
3 | 0.525~0.600 | 302 | ||||
4 | 0.630~0.680 | 227 | ||||
5 | 0.850~0.880 | 204 | ||||
SWIR | 6 | 1.560~1.660 | 265 | |||
7 | 2.100~2.300 | 334 | ||||
9 | 1.360~1.390 | 165 |
Subsystem | Band Number | ASTER/OLI Band Correspondence | Spectral Range (μm) | Center Wavelength (μm) | FWHM | Ltypical SNR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VNIR | 1 | OLI1 | 0.433~0.453 | 0.443 | 0.020 | 238 |
2 | OLI2 | 0.450~0.515 | 0.483 | 0.065 | 364 | |
3 | ASTER1 | 0.52~0.60 | 0.560 | 0.080 | 370 | |
4 | ASTER2 | 0.63~0.69 | 0.660 | 0.060 | 306 | |
5 | ASTER3N | 0.78~0.86 | 0.820 | 0.080 | 204 | |
6 | OLI5 | 0.850~0.880 | 0.865 | 0.030 | 460 | |
SWIR | 7 | ASTER4 | 1.600~1.700 | 1.650 | 0.100 | 466 |
8 | ASTER5 | 2.145~2.185 | 2.165 | 0.040 | 254 | |
9 | ASTER6 | 2.185~2.225 | 2.205 | 0.045 | 229 | |
10 | ASTER7 | 2.235~2.285 | 2.260 | 0.050 | 234 | |
11 | ASTER8 | 2.295~2.365 | 2.330 | 0.070 | 258 | |
12 | ASTER9 | 2.360~2.430 | 2.395 | 0.070 | 231 |
Samples | Alteration Zones | Alteration Minerals or Granite |
---|---|---|
1 | Phyllic | Limonite |
2 | Propylitic | Chlorite |
3 | Phyllic | Muscovite |
4 | Propylitic | Chlorite |
5 | Propylitic | Limonite, chlorite |
6 | Phyllic + argillic | Muscovite |
7 | Argillic | Kaolinite |
8 | Phyllic + argillic | Limonite |
9 | Phyllic | Granodiorite-porphyry |
10 | Phyllic | Muscovite, limonite |
11 | Phyllic + argillic | Limonite |
12 | Phyllic + argillic | Kaolinite |
Group Minerals | Objects Identified | ASTER Bands Parameters | AO Bands Parameters |
---|---|---|---|
Al-OH1 | Muscovite, kaolinite, illite, | RBD: (B5 + B7)/B6 [32,57,60,61,78] | RBD *: (B8 + B10)/B9 |
Al-OH2 | Muscovite, kaolinite, illite, smectite | MTMF: B4~B9 | MTMF *: B7~B12 |
Al-OH3 | Kaolinite, dickite | MTMF: B4~B9 | MTMF *: B7~B12 |
White mica composition | Al-rich mica, Al-poor mica | BRs: B5/B6, B7/B6, B7/B5 [32,60,78] | BRs *: B8/B9, B9/B8, B10/B8 |
Mg-OH1 | Chlorite, epidote | RBD: (B6 + B9)/B8 [25,32,60] | RBD *: (B9 + B12)/B11 |
Mg-OH2 | Chlorite, epidote | MTMF: B4~B9 | MTMF *: B7~B12 |
Ferric iron (FI1) | Hematite, goethite | BRs: B2/B1 [25,57], B4/B3 | BRs: B7/B6, B4/B1 |
Ferric iron (FI2) | Goethite | MTMF: B1~B7 | |
Ferrous iron (FI3) | Magnetite, pyrite | BR: B5/B4 [56,60] | BR *: B7/B5 |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Zhang, T.; Yi, G.; Li, H.; Wang, Z.; Tang, J.; Zhong, K.; Li, Y.; Wang, Q.; Bie, X. Integrating Data of ASTER and Landsat-8 OLI (AO) for Hydrothermal Alteration Mineral Map** in Duolong Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit, Tibetan Plateau, China. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110890
Zhang T, Yi G, Li H, Wang Z, Tang J, Zhong K, Li Y, Wang Q, Bie X. Integrating Data of ASTER and Landsat-8 OLI (AO) for Hydrothermal Alteration Mineral Map** in Duolong Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit, Tibetan Plateau, China. Remote Sensing. 2016; 8(11):890. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110890
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Tingbin, Guihua Yi, Hongmei Li, Ziyi Wang, Juxing Tang, Kanghui Zhong, Yubin Li, Qin Wang, and **aojuan Bie. 2016. "Integrating Data of ASTER and Landsat-8 OLI (AO) for Hydrothermal Alteration Mineral Map** in Duolong Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit, Tibetan Plateau, China" Remote Sensing 8, no. 11: 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110890