Catalytic Tuning of Sorption Kinetics of Lightweight Hydrides: A Review of the Materials and Mechanism
Abstract
:Outline |
1. Introduction |
2. The mechanism of Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption and the Need for a Catalyst |
3. Catalysts for MgH2 |
3.1 Transition Metal Catalysts |
3.2 Carbon and Other Elements as Additive |
3.3 Metal Oxide Catalysts |
3.4 Metal Halide Catalysts |
3.5 Hydride, Hydride Forming Alloys and Sulfide as Catalyst |
4. Catalysts for Complex Hydrides |
4.1 Catalysts for Alanates |
4.2 Catalysts for Borohydrides |
4.3 Catalysts for Amides |
4.4 Catalysts for Silanides |
5. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospective |
References |
1. Introduction
2. The Mechanism of Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption and the Need of Catalyst
- Physisorption of H2 molecule;
- Chemisorption of H atoms;
- Surface penetration of H atoms;
- Diffusion of hydrogen atoms;
- Hydride formation at metal/hydride interface.
3. Catalysts for MgH2
3.1. Transition Metal Catalysts
3.2. Carbon and Other Elements as Additive
3.3. Metal Oxide Catalysts
3.4. Metal Halide Catalysts
3.5. Hydride, Hydride Forming Alloys and Sulfide as Catalyst
4. Catalysts for Complex hydrides
4.1. Catalysts for Alanates
4.2. Catalysts for Borohydrides
4.3. Catalysts for Amides
4.4. Catalysts for Silanides
5. Concluding Remark & Future Prospective
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Storage Capacity | Operating Temperature |
---|---|---|
Sorbent Systems [8] | ||
Hydrogen is attached to the surface via physisorptionEx.—C-based materials, MOFs | 2–7 wt% | ~77 K |
Conventional metal hydrides [9,10,11] | ||
Hydrogen forms various bonds with metal atoms. | ||
| 1~4 wt% | RT |
| >7 wt% | >600 K |
Complex Hydrides [12,13] | ||
Hydrogen covalently bonded and the formed anion complex is bonded with cation via ionic bond | ||
Alanates (Ex.—LiAlH4, NaAlH4, Mg(AlH4)2 etc.) | 5.8~10.5 wt% | ≥400 K |
Borohydrides (Ex.—LiBH4, NaBH4, Mg(BH4)2 etc.) | 10~18.5 wt% | ≥400 K |
Amides (Ex.—LiNH2, NaNH2, Mg(NH2)2 etc.) | 5~10 wt% | ≥400 K |
Silanides (Ex.—KSiH3, RbSiH3, CsSiH3) | 2~4.5 wt% | RT~500 K |
Chemical Hydrides [14,15] | ||
Hydrogen is covalently bonded and these materials are irreversible | ||
Ex.—NH3, NH3BH3 | 17.8~20 wt% | 373~>773 K |
Liquid Organic Materials [16] | ||
Ex.—methylcyclohexane-toluene-hydrogen (MTH cycle), Cyclohexane-benzene-hydrogen (CBH cycle) etc. | ~6–7 wt% | 500~750 K |
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Jain, A.; Agarwal, S.; Ichikawa, T. Catalytic Tuning of Sorption Kinetics of Lightweight Hydrides: A Review of the Materials and Mechanism. Catalysts 2018, 8, 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8120651
Jain A, Agarwal S, Ichikawa T. Catalytic Tuning of Sorption Kinetics of Lightweight Hydrides: A Review of the Materials and Mechanism. Catalysts. 2018; 8(12):651. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8120651
Chicago/Turabian StyleJain, Ankur, Shivani Agarwal, and Takayuki Ichikawa. 2018. "Catalytic Tuning of Sorption Kinetics of Lightweight Hydrides: A Review of the Materials and Mechanism" Catalysts 8, no. 12: 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8120651