Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production: Role of Sacrificial Reagents on the Activity of Oxide, Carbon, and Sulfide Catalysts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. TiO2 P25
2.2. g-C3N4
2.3. CdS
2.4. Photolysis
2.5. TOC Analysis
3. Experimental
4. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kumaravel, V.; Mathew, S.; Bartlett, J.; Pillai, S.C. Photocatalytic hydrogen production using metal doped TiO2: A review of recent advances. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2019, 244, 1021–1064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujishima, A.; Honda, K.J. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 1972, 238, 37–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abdullah, H.; Kuo, D.-H.; Chen, X. High efficient noble metal free Zn (O, S) nanoparticles for hydrogen evolution. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 5638–5648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agegnehu, A.K.; Pan, C.-J.; Tsai, M.-C.; Rick, J.; Su, W.-N.; Lee, J.-F.; Hwang, B.-J. Visible light responsive noble metal-free nanocomposite of V-doped TiO2 nanorod with highly reduced graphene oxide for enhanced solar H2 production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 6752–6762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alharbi, A.; Alarifi, I.M.; Khan, W.S.; Asmatulu, R. Synthesis and analysis of electrospun SrTiO3 nanofibers with NiO nanoparticles shells as photocatalysts for water splitting. In Proceedings of the 14th Brazilian Polymer Conference, São Paulo, Brazil, 22–26 October 2017; 22-26. [Google Scholar]
- Al-Mayman, S.I.; Al-Johani, M.S.; Mohamed, M.M.; Al-Zeghayer, Y.S.; Ramay, S.M.; Al-Awadi, A.S.; Soliman, M.A. TiO2 ZnO photocatalysts synthesized by sol–gel auto-ignition technique for hydrogen production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 5016–5025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, Y.; Chen, T.; Wang, P.; Wang, L.; Ye, L. Bismuth-rich Bi4O5X2 (X = Br, and I) nanosheets with dominant {101} facets exposure for photocatalytic H2 evolution. Chem. Eng. J. 2016, 304, 454–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barreca, D.; Carraro, G.; Gasparotto, A.; Maccato, C.; Warwick, M.E.; Toniato, E.; Gombac, V.; Sada, C.; Turner, S.; Van Tendeloo, G. Iron–Titanium Oxide Nanocomposites Functionalized with Gold Particles: From Design to Solar Hydrogen Production. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 3, 1600348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bellardita, M.; García-López, E.I.; Marcì, G.; Palmisano, L. Photocatalytic formation of H2 and value-added chemicals in aqueous glucose (Pt)-TiO2 suspension. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 5934–5947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beltram, A.; Romero-Ocana, I.; Jaen, J.J.D.; Montini, T.; Fornasiero, P. Photocatalytic valorization of ethanol and glycerol over TiO2 polymorphs for sustainable hydrogen production. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2016, 518, 167–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Betzler, S.B.; Podjaski, F.; Beetz, M.; Handloser, K.; Wisnet, A.; Handloser, M.; Hartschuh, A.; Lotsch, B.V.; Scheu, C. Titanium Do** and Its Effect on the Morphology of Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Nb3O7 (OH) Nanostructures for Enhanced Light-Induced Water Splitting. Chem. Mater 2016, 28, 7666–7672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cargnello, M.; Montini, T.; Smolin, S.Y.; Priebe, J.B.; Jaén, J.J.D.; Doan-Nguyen, V.V.; McKay, I.S.; Schwalbe, J.A.; Pohl, M.-M.; Gordon, T.R. Engineering titania nanostructure to tune and improve its photocatalytic activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2016, 113, 3966–3971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cha, G.; Altomare, M.; Truong Nguyen, N.; Taccardi, N.; Lee, K.; Schmuki, P. Double-Side Co-Catalytic Activation of Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Membranes with Sputter-Coated Pt for Photocatalytic H2 Generation from Water/Methanol Mixtures. Chem. Asian J. 2017, 12, 314–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, Q.; Liu, D.; Zhang, N.; Ye, W.; Ju, H.; Shi, L.; Long, R.; Zhu, J.; ** as a facile strategy to improve photocatalytic activity of standalone reduced graphene oxide in hydrogen evolution. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 4558–4569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiao, S.; Mitchell, R.W.; Coulson, B.; Jowett, D.V.; Johnson, B.R.; Brydson, R.; Isaacs, M.; Lee, A.F.; Douthwaite, R.E. Pore confinement effects and stabilization of carbon nitride oligomers in macroporous silica for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Carbon 2016, 106, 320–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Qu, A.; Xu, X.; ** for Enhanced Photocatalytic H2 Evolution in CdS Nanorods. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 3803–3808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, T.; Chen, W.; Liu, T.-Y.; Hao, Q.-L.; Liu, X.-H. Hybrid of AgInZnS and MoS2 as efficient visible-light driven photocatalyst for hydrogen production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 12254–12261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, T.; Chen, W.; Liu, T.-Y.; Hao, Q.-L.; Liu, X.-H. ZnIn2S4 hybrid with MoS2: A non-noble metal photocatalyst with efficient photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution. Powder Technol. 2017, 315, 157–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Irfan, R.M.; Jiang, D.; Sun, Z.; Lu, D.; Du, P. Enhanced photocatalytic H2 production on CdS nanorods with simple molecular bidentate cobalt complexes as cocatalysts under visible light. Dalton Trans. 2016, 45, 12897–12905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, F.; Pan, B.; You, D.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, X.; Su, W. Visible light photocatalytic H2-production activity of epitaxial Cu2ZnSnS4/ZnS heterojunction. Catal. Commun. 2016, 85, 39–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, Z.; Liu, J.; Gao, M.; Fan, X.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J. Assembling Polyoxo-Titanium Clusters and CdS Nanoparticles to a Porous Matrix for Efficient and Tunable H2-Evolution Activities with Visible Light. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1603369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jo, W.-K.; Selvam, N.C.S. Fabrication of photostable ternary CdS/MoS2/MWCNTs hybrid photocatalysts with enhanced H2 generation activity. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2016, 525, 9–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kandiel, T.A.; Takanabe, K. Solvent-induced deposition of Cu–Ga–In–S nanocrystals onto a titanium dioxide surface for visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016, 184, 264–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kaur, M.; Nagaraja, C. Template-Free Synthesis of Zn1–xCdxS Nanocrystals with Tunable Band Structure for Efficient Water Splitting and Reduction of Nitroaromatics in Water. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 4293–4303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.G.; Jo, W.-K. Photodeposited-metal/CdS/ZnO heterostructures for solar photocatalytic hydrogen production under different conditions. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 11356–11363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.K.; Lim, S.K.; Park, H.; Hoffmann, M.R.; Kim, S. Trilayer CdS/carbon nanofiber (CNF) mat/Pt-TiO2 composite structures for solar hydrogen production: Effects of CNF mat thickness. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016, 196, 216–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kimi, M.; Yuliati, L.; Shamsuddin, M. Preparation and characterization of In and Cu co-doped ZnS photocatalysts for hydrogen production under visible light irradiation. J. Energy Chem. 2016, 25, 512–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kong, Z.; Yuan, Y.-J.; Chen, D.; Fang, G.; Yang, Y.; Yang, S.; Cao, D. Noble-metal-free MoS2 nanosheet modified-InVO4 heterostructures for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic H2 production. Dalton Trans. 2017, 46, 2072–2076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kumar, D.P.; Hong, S.; Reddy, D.A.; Kim, T.K. Ultrathin MoS2 layers anchored exfoliated reduced graphene oxide nanosheet hybrid as a highly efficient cocatalyst for CdS nanorods towards enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 212, 7–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leo, I.M.; Soto, E.; Vaquero, F.; Mota, N.; Navarro, R.; Fierro, J. Influence of the reduction of graphene oxide (rGO) on the structure and photoactivity of CdS-rGO hybrid systems. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 13691–13703. [Google Scholar]
- Li, M.; Zhang, L.; Fan, X.; Wu, M.; Du, Y.; Wang, M.; Kong, Q.; Zhang, L.; Shi, J. Dual synergetic effects in MoS2/pyridine-modified gC3N4 composite for highly active and stable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016, 190, 36–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Liu, H.; Liu, S.; Zhang, J.; Chen, W.; Huang, C.; Mao, L. Effect of Pt–Pd hybrid nano-particle on CdS’s activity for water splitting under visible light. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 23015–23021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Hou, Y.; Fu, Q.; Peng, S.; Hu, Y.H. Oriented growth of ZnIn2S4/In(OH)3 heterojunction by a facile hydrothermal transformation for efficient photocatalytic H2 production. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 206, 726–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; **, R.; **ng, Y.; Li, J.; Song, S.; Liu, X.; Li, M.; **, R. Macroscopic Foam-Like Holey Ultrathin g-C3N4 Nanosheets for Drastic Improvement of Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1601273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Z.; Chen, X.; Shangguan, W.; Su, Y.; Liu, Y.; Dong, X.; Sharma, P.; Zhang, Y. Prickly Ni3S2 nanowires modified CdS nanoparticles for highly enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2 production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 6618–6626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, H.; Li, Y.; Li, H.; Wang, X. Multi-node CdS hetero-nanowires grown with defect-rich oxygen-doped MoS2 ultrathin nanosheets for efficient visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution. Nano Res. 2017, 10, 1377–1392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Ao, D. Novel visible-light driven Mn0.8Cd0.2S/gC3N4 composites: Preparation and efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production from water without noble metals. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2016, 518, 150–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, M.; Chen, Y.; Su, J.; Shi, J.; Wang, X.; Guo, L. Photocatalytic hydrogen production using twinned nanocrystals and an unanchored NiSx co-catalyst. Nat. Energy 2016, 1, 16151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.; **ng, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Z.; Wu, X.; Tan, S.; Yu, X.; Zhu, Q.; Zhou, W. Fabrication of 3D flower-like black N-TiO2-x@ MoS2 for unprecedented-high visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 201, 119–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Tang, C. Enhancement of photocatalytic H2 evolution over TiO2 nano-sheet films by surface loading NiS nanoparticles. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A 2016, 90, 1042–1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, D.; Wang, H.; Zhao, X.; Kondamareddy, K.K.; Ding, J.; Li, C.; Fang, P. Highly efficient visible-light-induced photoactivity of Z-scheme g-C3N4/Ag/MoS2 ternary photocatalysts for organic pollutant degradation and production of hydrogen. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 1436–1445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, L.; Chen, K.; Nan, F.; Wang, J.H.; Yang, D.J.; Zhou, L.; Wang, Q.Q. Improved Hydrogen Production of Au–Pt–CdS Hetero-Nanostructures by Efficient Plasmon-Induced Multipathway Electron Transfer. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 6076–6083. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, X.; Li, J.; An, C.; Feng, J.; Chi, Y.; Liu, J.; Zhang, J.; Sun, Y. Ultrathin Co (Ni)-doped MoS- nanosheets as catalytic promoters enabling efficient solar hydrogen production. Nano Res. 2016, 9, 2284–2293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Majeed, I.; Nadeem, M.A.; Hussain, E.; Badshah, A.; Gilani, R.; Nadeem, M.A. Effect of deposition method on metal loading and photocatalytic activity of Au/CdS for hydrogen production in water electrolyte mixture. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 3006–3018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malekshoar, G.; Ray, A.K. In-situ grown molybdenum sulfide on TiO2 for dye-sensitized solar photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2016, 152, 35–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mancipe, S.; Tzompantzi, F.; Gómez, R. Synthesis of CdS/MgAl layered double hydroxides for hydrogen production from methanol-water decomposition. Appl. Clay Sci. 2017, 136, 67–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manjunath, K.; Souza, V.; Nagaraju, G.; Santos, J.M.L.; Dupont, J.; Ramakrishnappa, T. Superior activity of the CuS–TiO2/Pt hybrid nanostructure towards visible light induced hydrogen production. New J. Chem. 2016, 40, 10172–10180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mei, Z.; Zhang, M.; Schneider, J.; Wang, W.; Zhang, N.; Su, Y.; Chen, B.; Wang, S.; Rogach, A.L.; Pan, F. Hexagonal Zn1−xCdxS (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 1) solid solution photocatalysts for H2 generation from water. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2017, 7, 982–987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nandy, S.; Goto, Y.; Hisatomi, T.; Moriya, Y.; Minegishi, T.; Katayama, M.; Domen, K. Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of La5Ti2Cu (S1−xSex)5O7 Solid Solutions for H2 Production under Visible Light Irradiation. ChemPhotoChem 2017, 1, 265–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Núñez, J.; Fresno, F.; Collado, L.; Jana, P.; Coronado, J.M.; Serrano, D.P.; Víctor, A. Photocatalytic H2 production from aqueous methanol solutions using metal-co-catalysed Zn2SnO4 nanostructures. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016, 191, 106–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oros-Ruiz, S.; Hernández-Gordillo, A.; García-Mendoza, C.; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, A.A.; Gomez, R. Comparative activity of CdS nanofibers superficially modified by Au, Cu, and Ni nanoparticles as co-catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2016, 91, 2205–2210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, H.; Ou, H.-H.; Kim, M.; Kang, U.; Han, D.S.; Hoffmann, M.R. Photocatalytic H2 production on trititanate nanotubes coupled with CdS and platinum nanoparticles under visible light: Revisiting H2 production and material durability. Faraday Discuss. 2017, 198, 419–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, F.; Han, Z.; Peterson, J.J.; Odoi, M.Y.; Sowers, K.L.; Krauss, T.D. Photocatalytic hydrogen generation by CdSe/CdS nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 5347–5352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rahman, M.; Davey, K.; Qiao, S.Z. Counteracting Blueshift Optical Absorption and Maximizing Photon Harvest in Carbon Nitride Nanosheets Photocatalyst. Small 2017, 13, 1700376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rahmawati, F.; Yuliati, L.; Alaih, I.S.; Putri, F.R. Carbon rod of zinc-carbon primary battery waste as a substrate for CdS and TiO2 photocatalyst layer for visible light driven photocatalytic hydrogen production. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 2251–2258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ran, J.; Gao, G.; Li, F.-T.; Ma, T.-Y.; Du, A.; Qiao, S.-Z. Ti3C2 MXene co-catalyst on metal sulfide photo-absorbers for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 13907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rao, H.; Yu, W.-Q.; Zheng, H.-Q.; Bonin, J.; Fan, Y.-T.; Hou, H.-W. Highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from nickel quinolinethiolate complexes under visible light irradiation. J. Power Sources 2016, 324, 253–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reddy, D.A.; Park, H.; Hong, S.; Kumar, D.P.; Kim, T.K. Hydrazine-assisted formation of ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets for enhancing their co-catalytic activity in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 6981–6991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reddy, D.A.; Park, H.; Ma, R.; Kumar, D.P.; Lim, M.; Kim, T.K. Heterostructured WS2-MoS2 Ultrathin Nanosheets Integrated on CdS Nanorods to Promote Charge Separation and Migration and Improve Solar-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. ChemSusChem 2017, 10, 1563–1570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, Z.; Dong, X.; Dang, H. Facile fabrication of novel red phosphorus-CdS composite photocatalysts for H2 evolution under visible light irradiation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 5908–5915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sola, A.; Homs, N.; de la Piscina, P.R. Photocatalytic H2 production from ethanol (aq) solutions: The effect of intermediate products. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 19629–19636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Souza, E.A.; Silva, L.A. Energy recovery from tannery sludge wastewaters through photocatalytic hydrogen production. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2016, 4, 2114–2120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, J.; Zhang, T.; Li, Y.; Chen, Y.; Liu, M. Photocatalytic activities of copper doped cadmium sulfide microspheres prepared by a facile ultrasonic spray-pyrolysis method. Molecules 2016, 21, 735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaquero, F.; Navarro, R.; Fierro, J. Evolution of the nanostructure of CdS using solvothermal synthesis at different temperature and its influence on the photoactivity for hydrogen production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 11558–11567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, S.; Gao, P.; Yang, Y.; Yang, P.; Chen, Y.; Wang, Y. N-doped TiO2 nanobelts with coexposed (001) and (101) facets and their highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 18126–18131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, F.; **, Z.; Jiang, Y.; Backus, E.H.; Bonn, M.; Lou, S.N.; Turchinovich, D.; Amal, R. Probing the charge separation process on In2S3/Pt-TiO2 nanocomposites for boosted visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016, 198, 25–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Li, Y.; Shu, D.; Chen, X.; Liu, X.; Wang, X.; Zhang, J.; Wang, H. CoPtx-loaded Zn0.5Cd0.5S nanocomposites for enhanced visible light photocatalytic H2 production. Int. J. Energy Res. 2016, 40, 1280–1286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Chen, Y.; Zhou, W.; Tian, G.; **ao, Y.; Fu, H.; Fu, H. Cubic quantum dot/hexagonal microsphere ZnIn2S4 heterophase junctions for exceptional visible-light-driven photocatalytic H2 evolution. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 8451–8460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, Z. Synergetic effect of Ni(OH)2 cocatalyst and CNT for high hydrogen generation on CdS quantum dot sensitized TiO2 photocatalyst. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 204, 577–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Di, Q.; Sun, M.; Liu, J.; Cao, C.; Liu, J.; Xu, M.; Zhang, J. Assembly-promoted photocatalysis: Three-dimensional assembly of CdSxSe1−x (x = 0–1) quantum dots into nanospheres with enhanced photocatalytic performance. J. Mater. 2017, 3, 63–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, Z.; Jiang, G.; Zhao, Z.; Wu, Q.; Liu, Y.; Xu, Q.; Duan, A.; Xu, C. Controlled fabrication and enhanced visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production of Au@ CdS/MIL-101 heterostructure. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016, 185, 307–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Wang, S.; Liu, J.; Jiang, W.; Zhou, Y.; An, C.; Zhang, J. Synthesis of AgInS2-xAg2S-yZnS-zIn6S7 (x, y, z = 0, or 1) Nanocomposites with Composition-Dependent Activity towards Solar Hydrogen Evolution. Materials 2016, 9, 329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, A.; Tian, C.; Jiao, Y.; Yan, Q.; Yang, G.; Fu, H. Sequential two-step hydrothermal growth of MoS2/CdS core-shell heterojunctions for efficient visible light-driven photocatalytic H2 evolution. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 203, 955–963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, L.; Gong, J.; Ge, L.; Han, C.; Fang, S.; **n, Y.; Li, Y.; Lu, Y. AuPd bimetallic nanoparticles decorated Cd0.5Zn0.5S photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2 production activity. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 14704–14712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- **a, Y.; Li, Q.; Lv, K.; Tang, D.; Li, M. Superiority of graphene over carbon analogs for enhanced photocatalytic H2-production activity of ZnIn2S4. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 206, 344–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- **n, Y.; Lu, Y.; Han, C.; Ge, L.; Qiu, P.; Li, Y.; Fang, S. Novel NiS cocatalyst decorating ultrathin 2D TiO2 nanosheets with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. Mater. Res. Bull. 2017, 87, 123–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- **ng, Z.; Zong, X.; Zhu, Y.; Chen, Z.; Bai, Y.; Wang, L. A nanohybrid of CdTe@ CdS nanocrystals and titania nanosheets with p–n nanojunctions for improved visible light-driven hydrogen production. Catal. Today 2016, 264, 229–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, J.; Li, X.; Yang, S.; Wang, X.; Zhou, W.; Fang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Peng, F.; Zhang, S. Design and preparation of CdS/H-3D-TiO2/Pt-wire photocatalysis system with enhanced visible-light driven H2 evolution. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 928–937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, Q.; Wu, A.; Yan, H.; Dong, Y.; Tian, C.; Jiang, B.; Fu, H. Gelatin-assisted synthesis of ZnS hollow nanospheres: The microstructure tuning, formation mechanism and application for Pt-free photocatalytic hydrogen production. CrystEngComm 2017, 19, 461–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, L.; Guo, S.; Li, X. Au nanoparticles@ MoS2 core-shell structures with moderate MoS2 coverage for efficient photocatalytic water splitting. J. Alloys Compd. 2017, 706, 82–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Fang, Z.; Zhang, L.; Zheng, Z.; Wang, Z.; Feng, W.; Weng, S.; Zhang, S.; Liu, P. Simultaneous Realization of Enhanced Photoactivity and Promoted Photostability by Multilayered MoS2 Coating on CdS Nanowire Structure via Compact Coating Methodology. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 6950–6958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, X.; Shi, J.; Wang, L.; Wang, W.; Bian, J.; Feng, L.; Li, C. A novel Au NPs-loaded MoS2/RGO composite for efficient hydrogen evolution under visible light. Mater. Lett. 2016, 182, 125–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, Y.J.; Chen, D.Q.; Huang, Y.W.; Yu, Z.T.; Zhong, J.S.; Chen, T.T.; Tu, W.G.; Guan, Z.J.; Cao, D.P.; Zou, Z.G. MoS2 Nanosheet-Modified CuInS2 Photocatalyst for Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Production from Water. ChemSusChem 2016, 9, 1003–1009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, Y.-J.; Tu, J.-R.; Ye, Z.-J.; Chen, D.-Q.; Hu, B.; Huang, Y.-W.; Chen, T.-T.; Cao, D.-P.; Yu, Z.-T.; Zou, Z.-G. MoS2-graphene/ZnIn2S4 hierarchical microarchitectures with an electron transport bridge between light-harvesting semiconductor and cocatalyst: A highly efficient photocatalyst for solar hydrogen generation. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016, 188, 13–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yue, Z.; Liu, A.; Zhang, C.; Huang, J.; Zhu, M.; Du, Y.; Yang, P. Noble-metal-free hetero-structural CdS/Nb2O5/N-doped-graphene ternary photocatalytic system as visible-light-driven photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 201, 202–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Yao, W.; Huang, C.; Shi, P.; Xu, Q. High efficiency and stable tungsten phosphide cocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 12513–12519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, N.; Chen, D.; Cai, B.; Wang, S.; Niu, F.; Qin, L.; Huang, Y. Facile synthesis of CdS ZnWO4 composite photocatalysts for efficient visible light driven hydrogen evolution. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 1962–1969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.; Wang, L.; Zeng, Y.; Xu, Y.; Tang, Y.; Luo, S.; Liu, Y.; Liu, C. CdS-Nanoparticles-Decorated Perpendicular Hybrid of MoS2 and N-Doped Graphene Nanosheets for Omnidirectional Enhancement of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. ChemCatChem 2016, 8, 2557–2564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Han, L.; Wang, C.; Wang, W.; Ling, T.; Yang, J.; Dong, C.; Lin, F.; Du, X.-W. Zinc-Blende CdS Nanocubes with Coordinated Facets for Photocatalytic Water Splitting. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 1470–1477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, H.; Sun, R.; Li, X.; Sun, X. Enhanced photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution from water by Zn0.5Cd0.5S/WS2 heterostructure. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 2017, 59, 68–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, X.; Huang, J.; Zhang, H.; Sun, H.; Tu, W. Controlled synthesis of CdS nanoparticles and their surface loading with MoS 2 for hydrogen evolution under visible light. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 14758–14767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, D.; Chen, X.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Y.; Sun, Z.; Irfan, R.M.; Du, P. Highly efficient simultaneous hydrogen evolution and benzaldehyde production using cadmium sulfide nanorods decorated with small cobalt nanoparticles under visible light. J. Catal. 2018, 357, 147–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, D.P.; Park, H.; Kim, E.H.; Hong, S.; Gopannagari, M.; Reddy, D.A.; Kim, T.K. Noble metal-free metal-organic framework-derived onion slice-type hollow cobalt sulfide nanostructures: Enhanced activity of CdS for improving photocatalytic hydrogen production. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2018, 224, 230–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lv, J.-X.; Zhang, Z.-M.; Wang, J.; Lu, X.-L.; Zhang, W.; Lu, T.-B. In situ synthesis of CdS/graphdiyne heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic activity of hydrogen production. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 2655–2661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, C.; Chen, Z.; Hou, J.; Li, J.; Li, X.; Xu, L.; Sun, M.; Zeng, R. Effectively enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production performance of one-pot synthesized MoS2 clusters/CdS nanorod heterojunction material under visible light. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 345, 404–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Ma, Y.; Liu, W.; Shang, Y.; Zhu, A.; Tan, P.; **ong, X.; Pan, J. Facet and morphology dependent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with CdS nanoflowers using a novel mixed solvothermal strategy. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2018, 513, 222–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Xu, N.; Pan, X.; He, Y.; Wang, X.; Su, W. Cobalt lactate complex as a hole cocatalyst for significantly enhanced photocatalytic H2 production activity over CdS nanorods. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2018, 8, 1599–1605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abe, R. Recent progress on photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting under visible light irradiation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev. 2010, 11, 179–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmed, A.Y.; Kandiel, T.A.; Ivanova, I.; Bahnemann, D. Photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical oxidation mechanisms of methanol on TiO2 in aqueous solution. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2014, 319, 44–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Ahmed, A.; Mukhtar, B.; Hossain, S.; Javaid Zaidi, S.; Rahman, S. Application of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) based photocatalytic nanomaterials in Solar and Hydrogen Energy: A Short Review. Mater. Sci. Forum 2012, 712, 25–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amao, Y. Solar fuel production based on the artificial photosynthesis system. ChemCatChem 2011, 3, 458–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- An, X.; Jimmy, C.Y. Graphene-based photocatalytic composites. RSC Adv. 2011, 1, 1426–1434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashokkumar, M. An overview on semiconductor particulate systems for photoproduction of hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 1998, 23, 427–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babu, V.J.; Vempati, S.; Uyar, T.; Ramakrishna, S. Review of one-dimensional and two-dimensional nanostructured materials for hydrogen generation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 2960–2986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bai, S.; Yin, W.; Wang, L.; Li, Z.; **ong, Y. Surface and interface design in cocatalysts for photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 57446–57463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bowker, M. Sustainable hydrogen production by the application of ambient temperature photocatalysis. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 2235–2246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.; Li, C.; Grätzel, M.; Kostecki, R.; Mao, S.S. Nanomaterials for renewable energy production and storage. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 7909–7937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colmenares, J.C.; Luque, R. Heterogeneous photocatalytic nanomaterials: Prospects and challenges in selective transformations of biomass-derived compounds. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 765–778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Colón, G. Towards the hydrogen production by photocatalysis. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2016, 518, 48–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, W.; **ng, M.; Zhang, J. Modifications on reduced titanium dioxide photocatalysts: A review. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev. 2017, 32, 21–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fornasiero, P.; Christoforidis, K.C. Photocatalytic Hydrogen production: A rift into the future energy supply. ChemCatChem 2017, 9, 1523–1544. [Google Scholar]
- Fresno, F.; Portela, R.; Suárez, S.; Coronado, J.M. Photocatalytic materials: Recent achievements and near future trends. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 2863–2884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gholipour, M.R.; Dinh, C.-T.; Béland, F.; Do, T.-O. Nanocomposite heterojunctions as sunlight-driven photocatalysts for hydrogen production from water splitting. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 8187–8208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grabowska, E. Selected perovskite oxides: Characterization, preparation and photocatalytic properties—A review. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016, 186, 97–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, L.; **g, D.; Liu, M.; Chen, Y.; Shen, S.; Shi, J.; Zhang, K. Functionalized nanostructures for enhanced photocatalytic performance under solar light. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 994–1004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Han, B.; Hu, Y.H. MoS2 as a co-catalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen production from water. Energy Sci. Eng. 2016, 4, 285–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hisatomi, T.; Kubota, J.; Domen, K. Recent advances in semiconductors for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 7520–7535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiao, W.; Shen, W.; Rahman, Z.U.; Wang, D. Recent progress in red semiconductor photocatalysts for solar energy conversion and utilization. Nanotechnol. Rev. 2016, 5, 135–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Junge, H.; Rockstroh, N.; Fischer, S.; Brückner, A.; Ludwig, R.; Lochbrunner, S.; Kühn, O.; Beller, M. Light to Hydrogen: Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation from Water with Molecularly-Defined Iron Complexes. Inorganics 2017, 5, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kagkoura, A.; Skaltsas, T.; Tagmatarchis, N. Transition metal chalcogenides/graphene ensembles for light-induced energy applications. Chem. Eur. J. 2017, 23, 12967–12979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kitano, M.; Tsujimaru, K.; Anpo, M. Hydrogen production using highly active titanium oxide-based photocatalysts. Top. Catal. 2008, 49, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kudo, A.; Miseki, Y. Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 253–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, P.S.; Sundaramurthy, J.; Sundarrajan, S.; Babu, V.J.; Singh, G.; Allakhverdiev, S.I.; Ramakrishna, S. Hierarchical electrospun nanofibers for energy harvesting, production and environmental remediation. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 3192–3222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Leung, D.Y.; Fu, X.; Wang, C.; Ni, M.; Leung, M.K.; Wang, X.; Fu, X. Hydrogen Production over Titania-Based Photocatalysts. ChemSusChem 2010, 3, 681–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, C.; Xu, Y.; Tu, W.; Chen, G.; Xu, R. Metal-free photocatalysts for various applications in energy conversion and environmental purification. Green Chem. 2017, 19, 882–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Francesco, P.; Fabrizio, S.; Marco, M.; Claudio, M.; Valter, M. The Role of Surface Texture on the Photocatalytic H2Production on TiO2. Catalysts 2019, 9, 32. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Liu, B.; Sang, Y.; Liu, H. Heterostructures construction on TiO2 nanobelts: A powerful tool for building high-performance photocatalysts. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 202, 620–641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Yu, J.; Wageh, S.; Al-Ghamdi, A.A.; **e, J. Graphene in photocatalysis: A review. Small 2016, 12, 6640–6696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Y.; Li, Y.-L.; Sa, B.; Ahuja, R. Review of two-dimensional materials for photocatalytic water splitting from a theoretical perspective. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2017, 7, 545–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Low, J.; Jiang, C.; Cheng, B.; Wageh, S.; Al-Ghamdi, A.A.; Yu, J. A Review of Direct Z-Scheme Photocatalysts. Small Methods 2017, 1, 1700080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maeda, K. Photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor particles: History and recent developments. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev. 2011, 12, 237–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martha, S.; Sahoo, P.C.; Parida, K. An overview on visible light responsive metal oxide based photocatalysts for hydrogen energy production. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 61535–61553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matsuoka, M.; Kitano, M.; Takeuchi, M.; Tsujimaru, K.; Anpo, M.; Thomas, J.M. Photocatalysis for new energy production: Recent advances in photocatalytic water splitting reactions for hydrogen production. Catal. Today 2007, 122, 51–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morales-Torres, S.; Pastrana-Martínez, L.M.; Figueiredo, J.L.; Faria, J.L.; Silva, A.M. Design of graphene-based TiO2 photocatalysts—A review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2012, 19, 3676–3687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nguyen-Phan, T.-D.; Baber, A.E.; Rodriguez, J.A.; Senanayake, S.D. Au and Pt nanoparticle supported catalysts tailored for H2 production: From models to powder catalysts. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2016, 518, 18–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ni, M.; Leung, M.K.; Leung, D.Y.; Sumathy, K. A review and recent developments in photocatalytic water-splitting using TiO2 for hydrogen production. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2007, 11, 401–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nurlaela, E.; Ziani, A.; Takanabe, K. Tantalum nitride for photocatalytic water splitting: Concept and applications. Mater. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2016, 5, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pasternak, S.; Paz, Y. On the similarity and dissimilarity between photocatalytic water splitting and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. ChemPhysChem 2013, 14, 2059–2070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Preethi, V.; Kanmani, S. Photocatalytic hydrogen production. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 2013, 16, 561–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Primo, A.; Corma, A.; García, H. Titania supported gold nanoparticles as photocatalyst. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 886–910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Protti, S.; Albini, A.; Serpone, N. Photocatalytic generation of solar fuels from the reduction of H2O and CO2: A look at the patent literature. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 19790–19827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puga, A.V. Photocatalytic production of hydrogen from biomass-derived feedstocks. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2016, 315, 1–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ran, J.; Zhang, J.; Yu, J.; Jaroniec, M.; Qiao, S.Z. Earth-abundant cocatalysts for semiconductor-based photocatalytic water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 7787–7812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Samokhvalov, A. Hydrogen by photocatalysis with nitrogen codoped titanium dioxide. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 72, 981–1000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serrano, D.P.; Coronado, J.M.; Víctor, A.; Pizarro, P.; Botas, J.Á. Advances in the design of ordered mesoporous materials for low-carbon catalytic hydrogen production. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 12016–12027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, P.; Kolhe, M.L. Review of sustainable solar hydrogen production using photon fuel on artificial leaf. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 22704–22712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, J.; Guo, L. ABO3-based photocatalysts for water splitting. Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 2012, 22, 592–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shimura, K.; Yoshida, H. Heterogeneous photocatalytic hydrogen production from water and biomass derivatives. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 2467–2481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stroyuk, A.; Kryukov, A.; Kuchmii, S.Y.; Pokhodenko, V. Semiconductor photocatalytic systems for the production of hydrogen by the action of visible light. Theor. Exp. Chem. 2009, 45, 209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Yuan, X.; Wu, Y.; Huang, H.; Peng, X.; Zeng, G.; Zhong, H.; Liang, J.; Ren, M. Graphene-based materials: Fabrication, characterization and application for the decontamination of wastewater and wastegas and hydrogen storage/generation. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2013, 195, 19–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Zhang, L.; Chen, Z.; Hu, J.; Li, S.; Wang, Z.; Liu, J.; Wang, X. Semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts: Design, construction, and photocatalytic performances. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 5234–5244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L. Strategies for efficient solar water splitting using carbon nitride. Chem. Asian J. 2017, 12, 1421–1434. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, M.; Han, K.; Zhang, S.; Sun, L. Integration of organometallic complexes with semiconductors and other nanomaterials for photocatalytic H2 production. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2015, 287, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watanabe, M. Dye-sensitized photocatalyst for effective water splitting catalyst. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2017, 18, 705–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, M.; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, Y.; An, T.; Yamashita, H. Design and architecture of metal organic frameworks for visible light enhanced hydrogen production. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 218, 555–569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- **ao, F.X.; Miao, J.; Tao, H.B.; Hung, S.F.; Wang, H.Y.; Yang, H.B.; Chen, J.; Chen, R.; Liu, B. One-Dimensional Hybrid Nanostructures for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis. Small 2015, 11, 2115–2131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- **e, G.; Zhang, K.; Guo, B.; Liu, Q.; Fang, L.; Gong, J.R. Graphene-Based Materials for Hydrogen Generation from Light-Driven Water Splitting. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 3820–3839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- **ng, J.; Fang, W.Q.; Zhao, H.J.; Yang, H.G. Inorganic photocatalysts for overall water splitting. Chem. Asian J. 2012, 7, 642–657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Y.; Xu, R. Nickel-based cocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2015, 351, 779–793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Y.; Zhang, B. Hydrogen photogeneration from water on the biomimetic hybrid artificial photocatalytic systems of semiconductors and earth-abundant metal complexes: Progress and challenges. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2015, 5, 3084–3096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ye, S.; Wang, R.; Wu, M.-Z.; Yuan, Y.-P. A review on gC3N4 for photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2015, 358, 15–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, S.; Han, J.; Zhou, T.; Xu, R. Recent progress in gC3N4 based low cost photocatalytic system: Activity enhancement and emerging applications. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2015, 5, 5048–5061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, Y.J.; Lu, H.W.; Yu, Z.T.; Zou, Z.G. Noble-Metal-Free Molybdenum Disulfide Cocatalyst for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. ChemSusChem 2015, 8, 4113–4127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, P.; Zhang, J.; Gong, J. Tantalum-based semiconductors for solar water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 4395–4422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Q.; Gangadharan, D.T.; Liu, Y.; Xu, Z.; Chaker, M.; Ma, D. Recent advancements in plasmon-enhanced visible light-driven water splitting. J. Mater. 2017, 3, 33–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Peng, T.; Song, S. Recent advances in dye-sensitized semiconductor systems for photocatalytic hydrogen production. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 2365–2402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, X.; Wang, P.; Long, M. Electro- and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production by Molecular Cobalt Complexes with Pentadentate Ligands. Comments Inorg. Chem. 2017, 37, 238–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Z.; Sun, Y.; Dong, F. Graphitic carbon nitride based nanocomposites: A review. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 15–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zou, X.; Zhang, Y. Noble metal-free hydrogen evolution catalysts for water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 5148–5180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shwetharani, R.; Sakar, M.; Fernando, C.; Binas, V.; Balakrishna, R.G. Recent advances and strategies to tailor the energy levels, active sites and electron mobility in titania and its doped/composite analogues for hydrogen evolution in sunlight. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2019, 9, 12–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, Y.-J.; Chen, D.; Yu, Z.-T.; Zou, Z.-G. Cadmium sulfide-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic hydrogen production. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 11606–11630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, Y.-J.; Ye, Z.-J.; Lu, H.-W.; Hu, B.; Li, Y.-H.; Chen, D.-Q.; Zhong, J.-S.; Yu, Z.-T.; Zou, Z.-G. Constructing anatase TiO2 nanosheets with exposed (001) facets/layered MoS2 two-dimensional nanojunctions for enhanced solar hydrogen generation. ACS Catal. 2015, 6, 532–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.-H.; Tang, W.-T.; Lin, W.-X. Self-assembled ionic liquid synthesis of nitrogen-doped mesoporous TiO2 for visible-light-responsive hydrogen production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 24006–24013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Z.; Jiang, X.; Zhu, C.; Shi, C. Chromium-modified Bi4Ti3O12 photocatalyst: Application for hydrogen evolution and pollutant degradation. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016, 199, 241–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S.; Wang, H.; Yu, H.; Zhang, S.; Fang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Peng, F. A facile fabrication of hierarchical Ag nanoparticles-decorated N-TiO2 with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production under solar light. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 3446–3455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, L.A.; Ryu, S.Y.; Choi, J.; Choi, W.; Hoffmann, M.R. Photocatalytic hydrogen production with visible light over Pt-interlinked hybrid composites of cubic-phase and hexagonal-phase CdS. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 12069–12073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qin, N.; **ong, J.; Liang, R.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Li, Y.; Li, Z.; Wu, L. Highly efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution over MoS2/CdS-TiO2 nanofibers prepared by an electrospinning mediated photodeposition method. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 202, 374–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gopannagari, M.; Kumar, D.P.; Reddy, D.A.; Hong, S.; Song, M.I.; Kim, T.K. In situ preparation of few-layered WS2 nanosheets and exfoliation into bilayers on CdS nanorods for ultrafast charge carrier migrations toward enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production. J. Catal. 2017, 351, 153–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Na, Y.; Gorlov, M.; Sun, L. Light-driven hydrogen production catalysed by transition metal complexes in homogeneous systems. Dalton Trans. 2009, 6458–6467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Linkous, C.A.; Huang, C.; Fowler, J.R. UV photochemical oxidation of aqueous sodium sulfide to produce hydrogen and sulfur. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2004, 168, 153–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, C.; Linkous, C.A.; Adebiyi, O.; T-Raissi, A. Hydrogen production via photolytic oxidation of aqueous sodium sulfite solutions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 5283–5288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, C.; Hu, P.; Meng, H.; Jiang, Z. Role of Sulfites in the Water Splitting Reaction. J. Solut. Chem. 2016, 45, 67–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Husin, H.; Adisalamun, S.Y.; Asnawi, T.M.; Hasfita, F. Pt nanoparticle on La0.02Na0.98TaO3 catalyst for hydrogen evolution from glycerol aqueous solution. AIP Conf. Proc. 2017, 1788, 030073. [Google Scholar]
- López-Tenllado, F.; Hidalgo-Carrillo, J.; Montes, V.; Marinas, A.; Urbano, F.; Marinas, J.; Ilieva, L.; Tabakova, T.; Reid, F. A comparative study of hydrogen photocatalytic production from glycerol and propan-2-ol on M/TiO2 systems (M = Au, Pt, Pd). Catal. Today 2017, 280, 58–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, F.; Gu, Q.; Niu, Y.; Wang, R.; Tong, Y.; Zhu, S.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, X. Hydrogen evolution from aqueous-phase photocatalytic reforming of ethylene glycol over Pt/TiO2 catalysts: Role of Pt and product distribution. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 391, 251–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oscar, Q.C.; Socorro, O.R.; Solís-Gómezb, A.; Rosendo, L.; Ricardo, G. Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production by CdS nanofibers modified with graphene oxide and nickel nanoparticles under visible light. Fuel 2019, 237, 227–235. [Google Scholar]
- Andrea, S.; Francesca, G.; Federica, M.; Michela, S.; Daniele, D.; Lorenzo, M.; Antonella, P. Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution assisted by aqueous (waste)biomass under simulated solar light: Oxidized g-C3N4 vs. P25 titanium dioxide. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2019, 44, 4072–4078. [Google Scholar]
- Tao, C.; Jie, M.; Qingyun, L.; **ao, W.; Jixue, L.; Ze, Z. One-step synthesis of hollow BaZrO3 nanocrystals with oxygen vacancies for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from pure water. J. Alloys Compd. 2019, 780, 498–503. [Google Scholar]
- Bahruji, H.; Bowker, M.; Davies, P.R.; Pedrono, F. New insights into the mechanism of photocatalytic reforming on Pd/TiO2. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2011, 107, 205–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, X.; Wang, X.; Leung, D.Y.; Gu, Q.; Chen, S.; Huang, H. Photocatalytic reforming of C3-polyols for H2 production: Part (I). Role of their OH groups. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2011, 106, 681–688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shkrob, I.A.; Sauer, M.C.; Gosztola, D. Efficient, rapid photooxidation of chemisorbed polyhydroxyl alcohols and carbohydrates by TiO2 nanoparticles in an aqueous solution. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 12512–12517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shkrob, I.A.; Sauer, M.C. Hole Scavenging and Photo-Stimulated Recombination of Electron—Hole Pairs in Aqueous TiO2 Nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 12497–12511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, M.-H.; Feng, J.; Zhang, S. Photo-oxidation of polyhydroxyl molecules on TiO2 surfaces: From hole scavenging to light-induced self-assembly of TiO2-cyclodextrin wires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 98, 066102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, B.; Zhang, J.; Huang, F. Enhanced visible light photocatalytic H2 evolution of metal-free g-C3N4/SiC heterostructured photocatalysts. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 391, 449–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Lu, L.; Si, Y.; Zhang, S.; Chen, Y.; Dai, K.; Duan, P.; Duan, L.; Liu, J. Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for photocatalytic hydrogen production: The impact of morphology and element composition. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 391, 369–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, L.J.; Wang, X.L.; Li, Y.H.; Liu, P.F.; Wang, Y.L.; Zeng, H.D.; Yang, H.G. Nickel nanoparticles coated with graphene layers as efficient co-catalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 200, 578–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, Y.J.; Shen, Z.; Wu, S.; Su, Y.; Pei, L.; Ji, Z.; Ding, M.; Bai, W.; Chen, Y.; Yu, Z.T.; et al. Liquid exfoliation of g-C3N4 nanosheets to construct 2D-2D MoS2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic H2 production activity. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2019, 246, 120–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai, J.; Shen, J.; Zhang, X.; Ng, Y.H.; Huang, J.; Guo, W.; Lin, C.; Lai, Y. Light-Driven Sustainable Hydrogen Production Utilizing TiO2 Nanostructures: A Review. Small 2019, 3, 1800184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.; Wang, L.; **, J.; Liu, J.; Li, Y.; Wu, M.; Chen, L.; Wang, B.; Yang, X.; Su, B.-L. Probing effective photocorrosion inhibition and highly improved photocatalytic hydrogen production on monodisperse PANI@ CdS core-shell nanospheres. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016, 188, 351–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, J.; Zhao, H.; Sun, R.; Li, X.; Sun, D. An efficient hydrogen evolution catalyst composed of palladium phosphorous sulphide (PdP ~ 0.33 S ~ 1.67) and twin nanocrystal Zn0.5Cd0.5S solid solution with both homo-and hetero-junctions. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10, 225–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, S.; **e, J.; Wen, J.; He, K.; Li, X.; Liu, W.; Zhang, X. Constructing 2D layered hybrid CdS nanosheets/MoS2 heterojunctions for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2 generation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 391, 580–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, F.; Yin, H.; **ang, Q. Low-temperature solid-state preparation of ternary CdS/g-C3N4/CuS nanocomposites for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2-production activity. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 391, 432–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, F.; Hou, D.; Hu, F.; **e, K.; Qiao, X.; Li, D. Pouous TiO2 nanofibers decorated CdS nanoparticles by SILAR method for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 391, 295–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vignesh, K.; Suganthi, A.; Min, B.-K.; Kang, M. Photocatalytic activity of magnetically recoverable MnFe2O4/g-C3N4/TiO2 nanocomposite under simulated solar light irradiation. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 2014, 395, 373–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhen, W.; Ning, X.; Yang, B.; Wu, Y.; Li, Z.; Lu, G. The enhancement of CdS photocatalytic activity for water splitting via anti-photocorrosion by coating Ni2P shell and removing nascent formed oxygen with artificial gill. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2018, 221, 243–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Catalyst Amount (g/L) | Concentration of Methanol (%) | Light Source | H2 Production Efficiency (μmol/g/h) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 10 | 300 W of Xe (without UV cutoff filter) | 42.00 | [420] |
0.6 | 16.66 | 300 W of Xe (with UV cutoff filter) | 18.47 | [217] |
0.5 | 20 | 300 W of Xe (with UV cutoff filter) | ~20.00 | [194] |
1.29 | 25.8 | 300 W of Xe (with UV cutoff filter) | ~2.00 | [421] |
Sample | TOC (mg/L) | |
---|---|---|
Blank (Before Light Irradiation) | TiO2-P25 | |
Water | 8.659 | - |
Methanol | 30,450 | 15,530 |
Ethanol | 43,680 | 17,070 |
Isopropanol | 55,010 | 17,770 |
Glycerol | 54,220 | 18,700 |
Ethylene glycol | 59,080 | 17,930 |
Glucose | 7699 | 11,500 |
Lactic acid | 47,310 | 20,440 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kumaravel, V.; Imam, M.D.; Badreldin, A.; Chava, R.K.; Do, J.Y.; Kang, M.; Abdel-Wahab, A. Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production: Role of Sacrificial Reagents on the Activity of Oxide, Carbon, and Sulfide Catalysts. Catalysts 2019, 9, 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9030276
Kumaravel V, Imam MD, Badreldin A, Chava RK, Do JY, Kang M, Abdel-Wahab A. Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production: Role of Sacrificial Reagents on the Activity of Oxide, Carbon, and Sulfide Catalysts. Catalysts. 2019; 9(3):276. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9030276
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumaravel, Vignesh, Muhammad Danyal Imam, Ahmed Badreldin, Rama Krishna Chava, Jeong Yeon Do, Misook Kang, and Ahmed Abdel-Wahab. 2019. "Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production: Role of Sacrificial Reagents on the Activity of Oxide, Carbon, and Sulfide Catalysts" Catalysts 9, no. 3: 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9030276