Mechanistic Insights into Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Using Heterostructure Photocatalysts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Classification of Organic Dyes
3. Kinetics Study for Photodegradation Reactions
3.1. Absorption Peak Shift of Dye Molecules
3.2. Photobleaching of Dye Molecules
3.3. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analysis
3.4. Pseudo Kinetics
3.5. Quantum Yield of Photodegradation
4. Factors Influencing the Photodegradation Reaction
4.1. Interaction between Dye Molecules and Photocatalysts
4.2. Operational Parameters
4.2.1. Initial Dye Concentration
4.2.2. Light Intensity
4.2.3. Reaction Temperature
4.3. Intrinsic Properties of Photocatalysts
4.3.1. Modification with Metals
4.3.2. Modification with Semiconductors
4.3.3. Modification with Metals and Semiconductors
5. Mechanism for Photodegradation of Dye
5.1. Direct Photodegradation Process
5.2. Sensitization-Mediated Degradation Process
6. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cationic Dyes | Abbreviation | MW | Structure | (nm) |
Methylene blue | MB | 799.81 | | 664 |
Rhodamine B | RhB | 479.02 | | 553 |
Rhodamine 6G | Rh6G | 479.02 | | 534 |
Malachite green | MG | 364.91 | | 614 |
Crystal violet | CV | 407.98 | | 573 |
Safranin O | SO | 350.85 | | 520 |
Auramine O | AO | 303.83 | | 420 |
Victoria blue B | VBB | 506.08 | | 614 |
Anionic Dyes | Abbreviation | Mw | Structure | (nm) |
Methyl orange | MO | 327.33 | | 464 |
Eosin Y | EY | 691.85 | | 518 |
Acid orange 7 | AO7 | 350.32 | | 484 |
Acid red 14 | AR14 | 502.43 | | 515 |
Alizarin red S | ARS | 240.21 | | 426 |
Rose bengal | RB | 973.67 | | 550 |
Phenol red | PR | 354.38 | | 560 |
Congo red | CR | 696.67 | | 497 |
Acid violet 7 | AV7 | 566.47 | | 522 |
Reactive black 5 | RB5 | 991.82 | | 602 |
Type | Sacrifice Reagent | Abbreviation |
---|---|---|
Electron scavenger | AgNO3 | - |
CCl4 | - | |
K2Cr2O7 | - | |
Hole scavenger | KI | - |
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | EDTA, EDTA-2Na | |
Tri-ethanolamine | TEOA | |
Ammonium oxalate | AO | |
Sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) | - | |
Methanol | - | |
Ascorbic acid | AA | |
·OH scavenger | tert-Butyl alcohol | TBA, t-BuOH |
2-Propanol | IPA | |
·O2− scavenger | Benzoquinone | BQ |
Acrylamide | AC | |
Superoxide dismutase | SOD |
Class | Dye | Active Species | Photocatalysts |
---|---|---|---|
Cationic dye | RhB | H+ | g-C3N4 [89] |
H+ | Ag/Ag3PO4 [94] | ||
·O2−/H+ | BiVO4/TiO2 [95] | ||
·O2−/H+ | BiOI/C [96] | ||
H+ (major), ·O2− (minor) | CoFe2O4/BiO(Cl, Br, I) [34] | ||
MB | ·O2−/H+ | g-C3N4 [91] | |
·O2−/ H+ | ZnO/graphene [92] | ||
·O2− | C3N4-BiVO4 [93] | ||
·O2−/H+ | AgSiO/Ag2CO3 [90] | ||
CV | ·O2− (major), h+/·OH (minor) | BiOxCly/BiOmIn [97] | |
·O2− (major), h+/·OH (minor) | BiOxIy/GO [98] | ||
·O2−/h+ (major), ·OH (minor) | BaFe2O4 [99] | ||
MG | H+/·OH /·O2− | CuFe2O4 [100] | |
·OH/e−/H+ | Fe3O4/TiO2/CuO [101] | ||
·OH/e−/H+ (major), ·O2− (minor) | Ni-Bi2Se3 [102] | ||
Rh6G | H+ (major) ·OH/·O2− (minor) | Curcumin/Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 [103] | |
·O2− | Zn/Y [104] | ||
H+/·O2− | Quantum dot/Eu-metal organic framework [105] | ||
Anionic dye | MO | ·O2− | Cu2O-rGO [84] |
·O2− | 2,9,16,23-tetracarboxyl phthalocyanine/amorphous TiO2 [88] | ||
·O2− (major) H+ (minor) | g-C3N4 [89] | ||
AO7 | H+/·OH | TiO2 [106] | |
h+ | Ag/AgBr/SiO2-coated Fe3O4 [107] | ||
CR | ·OH | ZrO2 [108] | |
H+/·OH | CuS-Bi2CuxW1−xO6−2x [109] | ||
H+ (major), ·OH (minor) | SnO2 [110] | ||
ARS | ·OH/e−/H+ | ZnS/carbon quantum dots [111] | |
AV7 | ·O2−/H+/·OH | CdS/Ta2O5 [112] | |
RB5 | H+ | SrTiO3/CeO2 [113] |
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Chiu, Y.-H.; Chang, T.-F.M.; Chen, C.-Y.; Sone, M.; Hsu, Y.-J. Mechanistic Insights into Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Using Heterostructure Photocatalysts. Catalysts 2019, 9, 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9050430
Chiu Y-H, Chang T-FM, Chen C-Y, Sone M, Hsu Y-J. Mechanistic Insights into Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Using Heterostructure Photocatalysts. Catalysts. 2019; 9(5):430. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9050430
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiu, Yi-Hsuan, Tso-Fu Mark Chang, Chun-Yi Chen, Masato Sone, and Yung-Jung Hsu. 2019. "Mechanistic Insights into Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Using Heterostructure Photocatalysts" Catalysts 9, no. 5: 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9050430