Gemological and Chemical Characterization of Gem-Quality Titanite from Morocco
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Description
3.2. Gemological Observation and Spectroscopy Analysis
3.3. SEM Analysis
3.4. Chemical Analysis
3.4.1. Major Elements
3.4.2. Trace Elements and U-Pb Dating
4. Results
4.1. Visual Appearance and Gemological Properties
4.2. Spectral Characteristics
4.2.1. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum
Infrared Bands (cm−1) | Assignment [37,39,40,41] | |
---|---|---|
Original | Deconvolution | |
431 | 431 | ν4 anti-symmetric, bending Si-O |
470 | 474 | ν4 anti-symmetric, bending Si-O |
501 | 501 | Si-O bending |
532 | Si-O bending | |
563 | 563 | ν4 anti-symmetric, bending Si-O |
590 | Si-O bending | |
634 | Ti-O stretching | |
692 | 694 | Ti-O stretching |
809 | Si-O stretching | |
848 | Si-O stretching | |
873 | 871 | ν3 anti-symmetric, stretching Si-O |
900 | 900 | ν3 anti-symmetric, stretching Si-O |
925 | Si-O stretching | |
950 | ν3 anti-symmetric, stretching Si-O | |
3475 | OH stretching |
4.2.2. Raman Spectrum
4.3. Major Elements
4.4. Trace Elements
4.5. Titanite U–Pb Ages
5. Discussion
5.1. Structural State and Radiation Damage
5.2. Formation Conditions and Origin of the Titanite from Morocco
5.3. Moroccan Titanite U–Pb Geochronology
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Sample | M1-1 | M1-2 | M1-3 | M1-4 | M1-5 | M1-6 | M1-7 | M1-8 | M1-9 | M1-10 | M1-11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Major (wt%) | |||||||||||
Na2O | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.027 | 0.003 | 0.017 | 0.010 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.017 | 0.010 | 0.010 |
2SD | 0.009 | 0.028 | 0.050 | 0.009 | 0.047 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.047 | 0.028 | 0.028 |
MgO | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0.013 | 0.010 | b.d.l | 0.020 | 0.010 | b.d.l | b.d.l |
2SD | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.025 | 0.009 | 0.038 | 0.016 | - | 0.016 | 0.028 | - | - |
Al2O3 | 1.080 | 0.977 | 0.973 | 1.127 | 0.943 | 1.093 | 0.987 | 1.020 | 1.160 | 1.273 | 1.120 |
2SD | 0.312 | 0.019 | 0.057 | 0.041 | 0.111 | 0.125 | 0.094 | 0.016 | 0.156 | 0.084 | 0.043 |
SiO2 | 30.46 | 30.55 | 30.60 | 30.48 | 30.71 | 30.79 | 30.66 | 30.74 | 30.58 | 30.61 | 30.62 |
2SD | 0.509 | 0.447 | 0.057 | 0.313 | 0.368 | 0.275 | 0.646 | 0.134 | 0.428 | 0.259 | 0.180 |
K2O | 0.007 | 0.017 | 0.007 | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.027 | 0.003 | 0.017 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 |
2SD | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0 |
CaO | 28.07 | 28.00 | 28.04 | 28.15 | 28.03 | 27.95 | 28.07 | 28.01 | 28.02 | 28.08 | 28.16 |
2SD | 0.188 | 0.229 | 0.074 | 0.025 | 0.249 | 0.082 | 0.203 | 0.019 | 0.136 | 0.093 | 0.109 |
TiO2 | 38.92 | 38.90 | 38.86 | 38.65 | 38.99 | 38.73 | 38.78 | 38.72 | 38.57 | 38.38 | 38.40 |
2SD | 0.596 | 0.290 | 0.147 | 0.296 | 0.203 | 0.164 | 0.538 | 0.034 | 0.164 | 0.034 | 0.214 |
V2O3 | 0.460 | 0.497 | 0.477 | 0.517 | 0.473 | 0.487 | 0.473 | 0.490 | 0.487 | 0.507 | 0.560 |
2SD | 0.107 | 0.068 | 0.093 | 0.025 | 0.057 | 0.111 | 0.047 | 0.028 | 0.052 | 0.084 | 0.028 |
MnO | 0.017 | 0.030 | 0.020 | 0.023 | 0.010 | 0.003 | 0.043 | 0.033 | 0.030 | 0.033 | 0.020 |
2SD | 0.025 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.028 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.033 | 0.050 | 0.016 |
Fe2O3 | 0.817 | 0.807 | 0.877 | 0.987 | 0.673 | 0.730 | 0.870 | 0.843 | 0.963 | 0.950 | 1.030 |
2SD | 0.050 | 0.052 | 0.066 | 0.066 | 0.068 | 0.130 | 0.118 | 0.041 | 0.288 | 0.016 | 0.082 |
ZrO2 | b.d.l | 0.073 | b.d.l | b.d.l | 0.037 | 0.027 | 0.020 | b.d.l | 0.027 | b.d.l | b.d.l |
2SD | - | 0.052 | - | - | 0.041 | 0.062 | 0.057 | - | 0.075 | - | - |
Total | 99.85 | 99.87 | 99.90 | 99.96 | 99.91 | 99.85 | 99.90 | 99.91 | 99.88 | 99.84 | 99.93 |
Unit formula (apfu) | |||||||||||
Na | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Mg | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | - | 0.001 | 0.000 | - | - |
Al | 0.041 | 0.037 | 0.037 | 0.043 | 0.036 | 0.042 | 0.038 | 0.039 | 0.045 | 0.049 | 0.043 |
Si | 0.996 | 0.998 | 1.000 | 0.996 | 1.002 | 1.005 | 1.001 | 1.003 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
K | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Ca | 0.983 | 0.981 | 0.981 | 0.985 | 0.980 | 0.977 | 0.982 | 0.980 | 0.981 | 0.983 | 0.986 |
Ti | 0.957 | 0.956 | 0.955 | 0.950 | 0.957 | 0.951 | 0.953 | 0.951 | 0.948 | 0.943 | 0.944 |
V | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.015 |
Mn | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Fe | 0.020 | 0.020 | 0.022 | 0.024 | 0.017 | 0.018 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.023 | 0.025 |
Zr | - | 0.001 | - | - | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | 0.000 | - | - |
SUM | 3.011 | 3.009 | 3.011 | 3.014 | 3.008 | 3.008 | 3.010 | 3.010 | 3.013 | 3.014 | 3.015 |
Major (wt%) | |||||||||||
Na2O | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.023 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.017 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.007 |
2SD | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.034 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.034 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.019 |
MgO | b.d.l | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.013 | 0.003 | b.d.l | 0.017 | b.d.l | 0.007 | 0.020 | 0.013 |
2SD | - | 0.019 | 0.009 | 0.025 | 0.009 | - | 0.009 | - | 0.009 | 0 | 0.009 |
Al2O3 | 0.947 | 1.067 | 0.990 | 1.073 | 0.970 | 0.953 | 0.830 | 1.097 | 0.997 | 1.303 | 0.923 |
2SD | 0.062 | 0.081 | 0.412 | 0.052 | 0.086 | 0.068 | 0.085 | 0.096 | 0.111 | 0.105 | 0.038 |
SiO2 | 30.73 | 30.85 | 30.48 | 30.71 | 30.79 | 30.88 | 30.66 | 30.61 | 30.89 | 30.80 | 30.64 |
2SD | 0.286 | 0.152 | 0.143 | 0.090 | 0.189 | 0.276 | 0.278 | 0.315 | 0.232 | 0.279 | 0.329 |
K2O | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.017 | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.010 |
2SD | 0.025 | 0.019 | 0.009 | 0.025 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.019 | 0.025 | 0.019 | 0.025 | 0.016 |
CaO | 27.99 | 28.04 | 28.19 | 28.06 | 27.87 | 27.93 | 27.93 | 28.05 | 28.00 | 28.03 | 28.01 |
2SD | 0.128 | 0.093 | 0.136 | 0.093 | 0.025 | 0.137 | 0.173 | 0.075 | 0.114 | 0.065 | 0.057 |
TiO2 | 39.04 | 38.56 | 39.00 | 38.66 | 39.02 | 38.98 | 39.27 | 38.74 | 38.73 | 38.28 | 38.92 |
2SD | 0.270 | 0.395 | 0.425 | 0.154 | 0.365 | 0.170 | 0.081 | 0.270 | 0.077 | 0.435 | 0.395 |
V2O3 | 0.463 | 0.447 | 0.480 | 0.473 | 0.497 | 0.423 | 0.463 | 0.490 | 0.463 | 0.473 | 0.497 |
2SD | 0.019 | 0.137 | 0.028 | 0.009 | 0.090 | 0.133 | 0.109 | 0.016 | 0.062 | 0.093 | 0.118 |
MnO | 0.013 | 0.023 | 0.030 | 0.013 | 0.020 | 0.023 | 0.027 | 0.013 | 0.020 | 0.040 | 0.023 |
2SD | 0.019 | 0.034 | 0.016 | 0.038 | 0.043 | 0.009 | 0.075 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.033 | 0.025 |
Fe2O3 | 0.707 | 0.917 | 0.733 | 0.880 | 0.730 | 0.757 | 0.680 | 0.853 | 0.813 | 0.990 | 0.833 |
2SD | 0.038 | 0.066 | 0.050 | 0.091 | 0.134 | 0.068 | 0.049 | 0.111 | 0.106 | 0.049 | 0.082 |
ZrO2 | b.d.l | 0.003 | 0.043 | b.d.l | 0.027 | b.d.l | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.040 | b.d.l | 0.037 |
2SD | - | 0.009 | 0.074 | - | 0.075 | - | 0.019 | 0.028 | 0.059 | - | 0.090 |
Total | 99.91 | 99.94 | 99.98 | 99.91 | 99.94 | 99.97 | 99.90 | 99.89 | 99.98 | 99.95 | 99.92 |
Unit formula (apfu) | |||||||||||
Na | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Mg | - | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | 0.001 | - | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Al | 0.036 | 0.041 | 0.038 | 0.041 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.032 | 0.042 | 0.038 | 0.050 | 0.036 |
Si | 1.003 | 1.006 | 0.995 | 1.003 | 1.004 | 1.006 | 1.001 | 1.000 | 1.007 | 1.005 | 1.001 |
K | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Ca | 0.979 | 0.980 | 0.986 | 0.982 | 0.974 | 0.975 | 0.977 | 0.982 | 0.978 | 0.980 | 0.980 |
Ti | 0.958 | 0.947 | 0.958 | 0.949 | 0.957 | 0.956 | 0.964 | 0.952 | 0.950 | 0.939 | 0.956 |
V | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.013 |
Mn | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Fe | 0.018 | 0.023 | 0.018 | 0.021 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.021 | 0.020 | 0.024 | 0.021 |
Zr | - | 0.000 | 0.001 | - | 0.000 | - | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | - | 0.001 |
SUM | 3.007 | 3.010 | 3.012 | 3.011 | 3.005 | 3.005 | 3.005 | 3.011 | 3.008 | 3.013 | 3.009 |
MA-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | Avg. | ||
Nb | ppm | 2063 | 942 | 187 | 63.9 | 248 | 348 | 549 | 193 | 186 | 380 | 298 | 441 | 263 | 262 | 324 | 295 | 374 | 518 | 280 | 432.43 |
1s | 36.46 | 12.42 | 2.68 | 1.06 | 3.56 | 6.39 | 9.09 | 3.05 | 2.50 | 5.55 | 9.69 | 6.74 | 3.82 | 4.24 | 5.35 | 3.04 | 6.52 | 7.87 | 3.92 | 7.05 | |
Ta | ppm | 120 | 46.2 | 4.24 | 3.74 | 14.3 | 15.0 | 26.7 | 20.0 | 25.9 | 26.7 | 35.8 | 94.0 | 20.5 | 24.4 | 21.5 | 15.5 | 27.4 | 23.0 | 21.7 | 30.87 |
1s | 1.70 | 0.58 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.46 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 1.58 | 1.09 | 0.33 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.43 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.49 | |
Hf | ppm | 20.2 | 15.6 | 2.39 | 0.42 | 0.77 | 1.09 | 3.07 | 2.97 | 4.90 | 3.53 | 15.7 | 49.7 | 18.0 | 3.93 | 3.09 | 2.35 | 3.39 | 8.60 | 4.11 | 8.63 |
1s | 0.47 | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 1.09 | 0.79 | 0.35 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.27 | |
Y | ppm | 879 | 444 | 177 | 83.9 | 181 | 245 | 184 | 116 | 129 | 152 | 339 | 449 | 199 | 124 | 112 | 40.0 | 98.8 | 442 | 273 | 245.76 |
1s | 11.69 | 5.35 | 1.99 | 1.06 | 1.83 | 3.67 | 2.20 | 1.33 | 1.53 | 1.71 | 10.96 | 4.14 | 2.76 | 1.54 | 1.15 | 0.52 | 1.10 | 6.02 | 3.53 | 3.37 | |
La | ppm | 306 | 600 | 197 | 141 | 326 | 421 | 428 | 187 | 201 | 266 | 160 | 89.6 | 235 | 219 | 217 | 236 | 233 | 325 | 74.7 | 255.85 |
1s | 3.68 | 7.06 | 2.14 | 1.88 | 3.26 | 4.98 | 5.38 | 2.29 | 2.73 | 3.54 | 2.14 | 1.21 | 2.73 | 2.91 | 2.59 | 3.32 | 2.85 | 3.72 | 1.33 | 3.14 | |
Ce | ppm | 1302 | 1799 | 584 | 342 | 728 | 927 | 923 | 470 | 513 | 624 | 550 | 419 | 661 | 556 | 513 | 450 | 530 | 1034 | 327 | 697.46 |
1s | 24.92 | 29.76 | 9.13 | 4.75 | 10.59 | 12.83 | 15.90 | 7.23 | 5.50 | 11.04 | 6.00 | 5.42 | 9.09 | 10.93 | 7.21 | 6.22 | 6.60 | 15.32 | 5.92 | 10.76 | |
Pr | ppm | 188 | 205 | 67.1 | 38.1 | 78.5 | 101 | 96.5 | 53.7 | 59.6 | 69.6 | 79.4 | 75.1 | 81.5 | 61.8 | 55.5 | 43.9 | 60.1 | 140 | 56.0 | 84.73 |
1s | 2.93 | 3.15 | 0.93 | 0.61 | 1.16 | 1.83 | 1.38 | 0.86 | 0.84 | 1.08 | 1.42 | 1.02 | 1.07 | 1.15 | 0.78 | 0.97 | 0.86 | 2.35 | 0.95 | 1.33 | |
Nd | ppm | 931 | 815 | 269 | 150 | 289 | 383 | 365 | 213 | 234 | 271 | 379 | 401 | 331 | 242 | 215 | 148 | 240 | 610 | 288 | 356.62 |
1s | 11.61 | 11.83 | 4.01 | 2.22 | 4.11 | 5.15 | 5.63 | 3.45 | 3.32 | 3.93 | 9.03 | 4.94 | 5.09 | 4.30 | 3.46 | 2.92 | 3.01 | 8.60 | 4.64 | 5.33 | |
Sm | ppm | 233 | 158 | 54.3 | 27.0 | 55.1 | 73.1 | 68.5 | 41.1 | 40.5 | 50.8 | 98.2 | 118 | 67.9 | 42.9 | 39.1 | 18.6 | 43.3 | 138 | 85.7 | 76.49 |
1s | 3.18 | 2.60 | 1.07 | 0.67 | 0.95 | 1.60 | 1.36 | 0.86 | 0.90 | 1.30 | 3.26 | 2.21 | 1.20 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 0.63 | 0.88 | 2.58 | 1.44 | 1.50 | |
Eu | ppm | 143 | 117 | 51.2 | 31.4 | 57.4 | 68.3 | 61.1 | 42.9 | 47.8 | 49.5 | 56.7 | 60.7 | 57.7 | 45.6 | 41.4 | 38.7 | 43.8 | 95.5 | 43.3 | 60.65 |
1s | 2.08 | 1.64 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 1.24 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.87 | 1.07 | 0.93 | 0.81 | 0.76 | 0.61 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 1.40 | 0.79 | 0.97 | |
Gd | ppm | 228 | 124 | 46.1 | 22.6 | 44.7 | 61.9 | 52.2 | 33.4 | 33.8 | 41.0 | 92.4 | 119 | 54.4 | 33.4 | 30.9 | 12.4 | 33.6 | 119 | 76.4 | 66.29 |
1s | 2.87 | 2.02 | 0.88 | 0.55 | 0.80 | 1.02 | 0.96 | 0.79 | 0.68 | 0.94 | 3.26 | 1.78 | 1.01 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.42 | 0.83 | 2.13 | 1.27 | 1.24 | |
Tb | ppm | 34.9 | 18.0 | 7.04 | 3.17 | 6.39 | 8.69 | 7.09 | 4.65 | 4.85 | 5.67 | 13.9 | 17.7 | 7.95 | 4.76 | 4.26 | 1.58 | 4.31 | 17.4 | 11.5 | 9.67 |
1s | 0.48 | 0.30 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.50 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.18 | |
Dy | ppm | 196 | 106 | 38.5 | 18.4 | 37.2 | 51.6 | 41.4 | 25.8 | 27.5 | 32.5 | 78.6 | 99.0 | 45.3 | 26.2 | 24.3 | 8.1 | 23.2 | 106 | 66.6 | 55.39 |
1s | 2.91 | 1.67 | 0.71 | 0.38 | 0.59 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.49 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 2.63 | 1.39 | 0.86 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 1.72 | 0.97 | 0.99 | |
Ho | ppm | 37.9 | 20.0 | 7.77 | 3.53 | 7.83 | 10.9 | 8.51 | 4.97 | 5.61 | 6.34 | 14.6 | 18.7 | 8.90 | 5.14 | 4.87 | 1.71 | 4.51 | 19.5 | 12.2 | 10.71 |
1s | 0.53 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.50 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.20 | |
Er | ppm | 95.5 | 54.9 | 20.5 | 10.2 | 22.4 | 30.2 | 23.3 | 14.0 | 15.6 | 18.2 | 37.2 | 46.9 | 23.5 | 14.6 | 12.8 | 5.68 | 13.5 | 51.8 | 29.4 | 28.44 |
1s | 1.17 | 0.92 | 0.46 | 0.24 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 1.26 | 0.57 | 0.51 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.87 | 0.53 | 0.54 | |
Tm | ppm | 13.2 | 8.00 | 3.27 | 1.55 | 3.78 | 5.02 | 3.54 | 2.14 | 2.36 | 2.78 | 5.40 | 6.49 | 3.46 | 2.24 | 2.04 | 0.99 | 1.86 | 7.53 | 4.10 | 4.20 |
1s | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.10 | |
Yb | ppm | 88.5 | 56.2 | 23.2 | 11.5 | 27.5 | 35.8 | 27.3 | 15.2 | 17.5 | 20.3 | 33.8 | 41.0 | 25.1 | 15.8 | 14.2 | 7.65 | 13.8 | 51.7 | 26.5 | 29.08 |
1s | 1.46 | 0.91 | 0.55 | 0.34 | 0.50 | 0.63 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 1.23 | 0.74 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.82 | 0.54 | 0.60 | |
Lu | ppm | 10.88 | 7.50 | 3.20 | 1.92 | 4.53 | 5.65 | 4.52 | 2.43 | 2.61 | 3.28 | 4.06 | 4.77 | 3.60 | 2.63 | 2.38 | 1.56 | 2.16 | 6.62 | 3.06 | 4.07 |
1s | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.10 | |
ΣREE | 3808 | 4088 | 1373 | 802 | 1688 | 2182 | 2110 | 1110 | 1205 | 1461 | 1603 | 1517 | 1607 | 1272 | 1177 | 975 | 1248 | 2722 | 1104 | 1739.64 | |
LREE/HREE | 4.41 | 9.36 | 8.18 | 9.99 | 9.94 | 9.41 | 11.57 | 9.83 | 9.97 | 10.22 | 4.73 | 3.28 | 8.33 | 11.14 | 11.28 | 23.52 | 11.88 | 6.17 | 3.80 | 9.32 | |
δEu | 1.89 | 2.55 | 3.13 | 3.88 | 3.53 | 3.11 | 3.12 | 3.54 | 3.95 | 3.32 | 1.82 | 1.56 | 2.90 | 3.68 | 3.64 | 7.79 | 3.51 | 2.27 | 1.64 | 3.20 | |
δCe | 1.33 | 1.26 | 1.25 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.12 | 1.20 | 1.25 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 1.15 | 1.08 | 1.10 | 1.19 | 1.24 | 1.17 |
MA-2 | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | Avg. | ||
Nb | ppm | 399 | 272 | 636 | 305 | 144 | 360 | 489 | 679 | 585 | 651 | 672 | 631 | 504 | 289 | 577 | 393 | 474.19 |
1sigma | 6.90 | 5.42 | 13.59 | 5.13 | 1.45 | 6.02 | 8.53 | 9.40 | 8.51 | 10.67 | 9.20 | 8.94 | 9.84 | 5.23 | 9.66 | 4.35 | 7.68 | |
Ta | ppm | 21.0 | 14.2 | 32.9 | 13.7 | 5.91 | 15.6 | 26.8 | 38.0 | 21.3 | 13.3 | 16.1 | 29.2 | 9.73 | 17.2 | 94.8 | 28.3 | 24.87 |
1sigma | 0.39 | 0.28 | 0.46 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.69 | 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.17 | 0.35 | 1.41 | 0.47 | 0.43 | |
Hf | ppm | 1.16 | 0.62 | 30.8 | 1.62 | 0.15 | 1.34 | 8.63 | 12.9 | 2.49 | 3.26 | 5.25 | 10.7 | 2.53 | 1.24 | 43.9 | 17.3 | 8.99 |
1sigma | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.56 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 1.21 | 0.42 | 0.27 | |
Y | ppm | 189 | 170 | 279 | 98.6 | 128 | 109 | 473 | 506 | 253 | 350 | 373 | 377 | 328 | 115 | 430 | 276 | 278.43 |
1sigma | 2.79 | 2.79 | 3.50 | 1.61 | 1.67 | 1.47 | 9.09 | 7.91 | 4.63 | 3.94 | 4.08 | 4.31 | 3.95 | 1.43 | 4.88 | 3.41 | 3.84 | |
La | ppm | 493 | 418 | 296 | 172 | 208 | 197 | 276 | 336 | 395 | 467 | 392 | 398 | 347 | 262 | 115 | 292 | 316.39 |
1sigma | 7.48 | 5.95 | 5.18 | 2.58 | 2.51 | 2.77 | 4.34 | 3.88 | 6.22 | 5.83 | 6.37 | 5.12 | 5.23 | 3.98 | 1.91 | 4.24 | 4.60 | |
Ce | ppm | 1132 | 909 | 828 | 400 | 475 | 446 | 909 | 1127 | 1038 | 1382 | 1091 | 1245 | 1021 | 609 | 493 | 852 | 872.37 |
1sigma | 22.73 | 15.27 | 10.36 | 7.43 | 5.36 | 7.73 | 17.18 | 18.86 | 25.55 | 22.94 | 21.49 | 24.06 | 14.64 | 10.57 | 6.30 | 10.40 | 15.05 | |
Pr | ppm | 110 | 93.3 | 104 | 43.8 | 53.3 | 50.1 | 126 | 152 | 111 | 150 | 129 | 152 | 123 | 64.5 | 84.0 | 107 | 103.40 |
1sigma | 1.99 | 1.53 | 1.77 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.94 | 2.06 | 1.78 | 1.80 | 1.94 | 1.62 | 2.17 | 1.77 | 1.18 | 1.16 | 1.82 | 1.55 | |
Nd | ppm | 389 | 326 | 414 | 170 | 203 | 190 | 603 | 671 | 410 | 578 | 527 | 637 | 495 | 236 | 435 | 433 | 419.84 |
1sigma | 5.31 | 5.88 | 6.38 | 2.96 | 2.83 | 2.71 | 11.26 | 8.73 | 7.19 | 8.63 | 8.04 | 9.04 | 7.58 | 3.85 | 4.63 | 6.45 | 6.34 | |
Sm | ppm | 61.2 | 54.3 | 82.8 | 30.8 | 36.4 | 35.7 | 147 | 160 | 69.5 | 110 | 105 | 122 | 93.2 | 36.5 | 123 | 83.1 | 84.49 |
1sigma | 1.32 | 0.96 | 1.82 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.92 | 2.95 | 3.31 | 1.44 | 2.19 | 1.88 | 2.03 | 1.44 | 1.01 | 2.18 | 1.47 | 1.65 | |
Eu | ppm | 72.7 | 60.4 | 66.6 | 31.4 | 40.5 | 36.2 | 77.2 | 89.8 | 70.1 | 96.0 | 86.2 | 92.9 | 85.8 | 49.9 | 61.1 | 74.8 | 68.22 |
1sigma | 1.49 | 0.99 | 1.23 | 0.66 | 0.47 | 0.79 | 1.47 | 1.53 | 1.21 | 1.69 | 1.50 | 1.23 | 1.42 | 0.96 | 1.05 | 1.28 | 1.19 | |
Gd | ppm | 51.3 | 43.9 | 70.7 | 27.4 | 33.0 | 30.3 | 126 | 140 | 54.2 | 89.0 | 93.5 | 105 | 78.0 | 31.2 | 121 | 74.6 | 73.05 |
1sigma | 1.27 | 0.92 | 1.31 | 0.82 | 0.78 | 0.81 | 2.68 | 2.72 | 1.04 | 1.50 | 1.73 | 1.60 | 1.45 | 0.84 | 1.51 | 1.40 | 1.40 | |
Tb | ppm | 7.05 | 6.25 | 10.3 | 3.63 | 4.51 | 4.18 | 19.9 | 21.0 | 7.90 | 12.4 | 13.9 | 15.2 | 11.3 | 4.32 | 17.8 | 10.6 | 10.64 |
1sigma | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.21 | |
Dy | ppm | 39.2 | 35.6 | 57.9 | 21.1 | 26.7 | 23.7 | 110 | 123 | 47.9 | 74.9 | 80.1 | 87.3 | 69.4 | 24.3 | 102 | 59.0 | 61.37 |
1sigma | 0.85 | 0.68 | 0.81 | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.54 | 2.25 | 2.24 | 0.93 | 1.18 | 1.39 | 1.38 | 1.16 | 0.61 | 1.53 | 1.13 | 1.11 | |
Ho | ppm | 8.13 | 7.30 | 11.5 | 4.37 | 5.55 | 4.52 | 21.8 | 23.1 | 10.1 | 14.9 | 16.4 | 16.8 | 14.2 | 5.08 | 18.5 | 11.8 | 12.13 |
1sigma | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.22 | |
Er | ppm | 23.1 | 21.3 | 32.6 | 11.8 | 15.4 | 12.7 | 56.5 | 60.7 | 29.6 | 42.2 | 46.5 | 44.7 | 41.6 | 14.9 | 47.4 | 34.1 | 33.44 |
1sigma | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.35 | 1.36 | 1.10 | 0.50 | 0.69 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.67 | 0.34 | 0.78 | 0.62 | 0.63 | |
Tm | ppm | 3.53 | 3.36 | 4.77 | 1.71 | 2.37 | 1.87 | 7.44 | 8.71 | 4.87 | 6.40 | 6.68 | 6.46 | 6.34 | 2.34 | 6.11 | 4.79 | 4.86 |
1sigma | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.12 | |
Yb | ppm | 27.5 | 25.5 | 35.7 | 12.8 | 18.3 | 14.8 | 51.5 | 58.2 | 38.4 | 47.1 | 47.0 | 45.5 | 47.1 | 18.8 | 39.5 | 35.2 | 35.19 |
1sigma | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 0.82 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 0.52 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.73 | |
Lu | ppm | 4.56 | 4.16 | 5.11 | 2.04 | 2.98 | 2.19 | 6.64 | 7.66 | 6.24 | 6.79 | 7.00 | 6.63 | 6.67 | 3.26 | 4.70 | 4.85 | 5.09 |
1sigma | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.12 | |
ΣREE | 2422 | 2008 | 2020 | 933 | 1125 | 1050 | 2538 | 2978 | 2292 | 3077 | 2641 | 2975 | 2439 | 1362 | 1668 | 2078 | 2100.47 | |
LREE/HREE | 13.74 | 12.62 | 7.84 | 9.99 | 9.34 | 10.14 | 5.35 | 5.74 | 10.51 | 9.47 | 7.49 | 8.08 | 7.88 | 12.07 | 3.67 | 7.84 | 8.86 | |
δEu | 3.97 | 3.78 | 2.66 | 3.30 | 3.57 | 3.37 | 1.74 | 1.83 | 3.49 | 2.96 | 2.66 | 2.50 | 3.08 | 4.52 | 1.53 | 2.90 | 2.99 | |
δCe | 1.19 | 1.13 | 1.16 | 1.13 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.19 | 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.28 | 1.19 | 1.24 | 1.21 | 1.15 | 1.23 | 1.18 | 1.18 |
Sample No. | Pb | Th | U | Measured Isotopic Ratios | 207Pb-Corrected Ages (Ma) | Dα (α/g) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ppm | ppm | ppm | 207Pb/206Pb | 1sigma | 207Pb/235U | 1sigma | 206Pb/238U | 1sigma | 206Pb/238U | 1sigma | 1016 | |
MA-1-01 | 3.39 | 279 | 64.98 | 0.0523 | 0.0037 | 0.1715 | 0.0131 | 0.0242 | 0.0004 | 153.82 | 2.60 | 6.57 |
MA-1-02 | 3.41 | 422 | 31.00 | 0.0770 | 0.0058 | 0.2475 | 0.0195 | 0.0235 | 0.0006 | 148.08 | 3.59 | 6.56 |
MA-1-03 | 0.52 | 54.6 | 5.75 | 0.2028 | 0.0220 | 0.5808 | 0.0735 | 0.0253 | 0.0014 | 150.26 | 8.44 | 0.94 |
MA-1-04 | 0.19 | 14.6 | 4.00 | 0.3291 | 0.0525 | 0.7778 | 0.0975 | 0.0261 | 0.0018 | 145.93 | 10.54 | 0.37 |
MA-1-05 | 1.32 | 114 | 22.90 | 0.0758 | 0.0070 | 0.2547 | 0.0241 | 0.0247 | 0.0007 | 155.73 | 4.69 | 2.50 |
MA-1-06 | 1.83 | 143 | 38.76 | 0.0539 | 0.0049 | 0.1770 | 0.0175 | 0.0243 | 0.0005 | 154.72 | 3.25 | 3.65 |
MA-1-07 | 2.90 | 78.5 | 109 | 0.0567 | 0.0029 | 0.1864 | 0.0110 | 0.0240 | 0.0004 | 152.19 | 2.31 | 6.41 |
MA-1-08 | 0.43 | 27.7 | 4.46 | 0.4505 | 0.0610 | 1.5010 | 0.1690 | 0.0310 | 0.0021 | 162.96 | 12.16 | 0.55 |
MA-1-09 | 0.30 | 28.4 | 4.90 | 0.3713 | 0.0798 | 0.8531 | 0.1348 | 0.0247 | 0.0015 | 135.64 | 9.79 | 0.58 |
MA-1-10 | 0.94 | 62.6 | 23.46 | 0.0837 | 0.0074 | 0.2607 | 0.0231 | 0.0240 | 0.0007 | 150.57 | 4.18 | 1.92 |
MA-1-11 | 0.46 | 46.4 | 5.46 | 0.2991 | 0.0471 | 0.9016 | 0.0863 | 0.0257 | 0.0016 | 145.71 | 9.53 | 0.83 |
MA-1-12 | 0.43 | 46.0 | 5.44 | 0.2900 | 0.0553 | 0.7831 | 0.1058 | 0.0254 | 0.0011 | 145.18 | 7.21 | 0.82 |
MA-1-13 | 0.72 | 69.4 | 5.41 | 0.3799 | 0.0534 | 1.3836 | 0.1793 | 0.0324 | 0.0018 | 176.21 | 10.74 | 1.10 |
MA-1-14 | 0.40 | 29.6 | 7.99 | 0.1598 | 0.0185 | 0.5415 | 0.0525 | 0.0270 | 0.0013 | 163.69 | 7.88 | 0.75 |
MA-1-15 | 0.46 | 35.4 | 9.96 | 0.1723 | 0.0218 | 0.4986 | 0.0498 | 0.0247 | 0.0011 | 148.87 | 6.49 | 0.92 |
MA-1-16 | 0.60 | 12.2 | 23.57 | 0.0841 | 0.0089 | 0.2597 | 0.0268 | 0.0238 | 0.0007 | 149.09 | 4.10 | 1.33 |
MA-1-17 | 1.09 | 12.4 | 44.33 | 0.0652 | 0.0052 | 0.2149 | 0.0181 | 0.0243 | 0.0004 | 153.89 | 2.71 | 2.37 |
MA-1-18 | 1.39 | 162 | 13.59 | 0.0885 | 0.0106 | 0.2857 | 0.0316 | 0.0254 | 0.0009 | 158.92 | 5.44 | 2.60 |
MA-1-19 | 0.30 | 25.6 | 3.99 | 0.4358 | 0.1391 | 0.9514 | 0.1316 | 0.0278 | 0.0018 | 147.42 | 14.38 | 0.50 |
MA-2-01 | 2.30 | 130 | 66.67 | 0.0545 | 0.0039 | 0.1728 | 0.0123 | 0.0236 | 0.0004 | 149.03 | 2.99 | 4.86 |
MA-2-02 | 1.46 | 107 | 34.16 | 0.0698 | 0.0051 | 0.2337 | 0.0184 | 0.0244 | 0.0005 | 149.62 | 4.83 | 2.96 |
MA-2-03 | 1.24 | 152 | 12.20 | 0.0938 | 0.0169 | 0.2777 | 0.0495 | 0.0244 | 0.0012 | 143.67 | 10.93 | 2.39 |
MA-2-04 | 0.55 | 29.4 | 14.51 | 0.0841 | 0.0142 | 0.2764 | 0.0408 | 0.0257 | 0.0010 | 153.93 | 9.37 | 1.07 |
MA-2-05 | 0.69 | 60.9 | 10.02 | 0.1144 | 0.0142 | 0.3933 | 0.0404 | 0.0278 | 0.0012 | 157.29 | 14.31 | 1.22 |
MA-2-06 | 0.94 | 34.3 | 33.01 | 0.0571 | 0.0058 | 0.1822 | 0.0190 | 0.0241 | 0.0006 | 151.54 | 4.24 | 2.05 |
MA-2-07 | 1.22 | 140 | 11.44 | 0.0993 | 0.0124 | 0.3333 | 0.0400 | 0.0249 | 0.0008 | 144.74 | 9.88 | 2.22 |
MA-2-08 | 1.70 | 199 | 15.81 | 0.1118 | 0.0161 | 0.3576 | 0.0459 | 0.0254 | 0.0008 | 144.52 | 12.34 | 3.13 |
MA-2-09 | 2.40 | 248 | 32.40 | 0.0805 | 0.0069 | 0.2750 | 0.0228 | 0.0255 | 0.0007 | 153.57 | 7.14 | 4.53 |
MA-2-10 | 2.74 | 337 | 24.44 | 0.0876 | 0.0085 | 0.2709 | 0.0269 | 0.0229 | 0.0007 | 136.50 | 7.39 | 5.18 |
MA-2-11 | 2.34 | 260 | 19.86 | 0.1084 | 0.0097 | 0.3911 | 0.0355 | 0.0268 | 0.0008 | 153.38 | 11.76 | 4.05 |
MA-2-12 | 2.10 | 251 | 18.64 | 0.0730 | 0.0089 | 0.2522 | 0.0308 | 0.0256 | 0.0007 | 156.05 | 6.29 | 3.88 |
MA-2-13 | 2.03 | 250 | 18.44 | 0.0840 | 0.0143 | 0.2735 | 0.0413 | 0.0255 | 0.0008 | 152.66 | 8.61 | 3.86 |
MA-2-14 | 0.88 | 62.2 | 21.13 | 0.0602 | 0.0066 | 0.2129 | 0.0241 | 0.0256 | 0.0008 | 160.21 | 5.52 | 1.78 |
MA-2-15 | 0.49 | 49.0 | 6.96 | 0.1050 | 0.0223 | 0.3180 | 0.0569 | 0.0265 | 0.0014 | 152.47 | 13.98 | 0.92 |
MA-2-16 | 0.96 | 114 | 7.43 | 0.1593 | 0.0281 | 0.4696 | 0.0697 | 0.0271 | 0.0014 | 139.82 | 22.48 | 1.72 |
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Properties | Data | |
---|---|---|
MA-1 | MA-2 | |
Color | Yellow | Yellow |
Diaphaneity | Transparent | Translucent |
Luster | Greasy | Weak greasy |
RI | >1.78 | >1.78 |
SG | 3.52 | 3.54 |
Fluorescence reaction | Inert | Inert |
Chelsea color filter | Unchanged | Unchanged |
Raman Bands(cm−1) | Assignment [9,40,45] | |
---|---|---|
MA-1 | MA-2 | |
422 | 420 | ν4 anti-symmetric, bending, deformation Si-O-Si |
466 | 465 | ν4 anti-symmetric, bending, deformation Si-O-Si |
531 | 529 | ν4 anti-symmetric, bending, deformation Si-O-Si |
540 | 540 | ν4 anti-symmetric, bending, deformation Si-O-Si |
606 | 606 | Stretching Ti-O in [SiO6]8− octahedron |
816 | ν1 symmetric, stretching Si-O | |
855 | 853 | ν1 symmetric, stretching Si-O |
870 | 870 | ν3 anti-symmetric, stretching Si-O |
911 | 909 | ν3 anti-symmetric, stretching Si-O |
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Yuan, Y.; Miao, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Xu, B.; Gu, J.; Yuan, P. Gemological and Chemical Characterization of Gem-Quality Titanite from Morocco. Crystals 2024, 14, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14010080
Yuan Y, Miao Z, Zhao Y, Xu B, Gu J, Yuan P. Gemological and Chemical Characterization of Gem-Quality Titanite from Morocco. Crystals. 2024; 14(1):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14010080
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Yu, Zhuang Miao, Yi Zhao, Bo Xu, Jialu Gu, and Pengyu Yuan. 2024. "Gemological and Chemical Characterization of Gem-Quality Titanite from Morocco" Crystals 14, no. 1: 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14010080