High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Reference | Study Models | Fat (%kcal) |
---|---|---|
Cani et al., 2008 [37] | C57bl6/J mice and ob/ob mice C57bl6 background | 72% |
Garidou et al., 2015 [38] | Wildtype (WT) C57Bl6/J mice, (RORγt−/−) mice, Rag1-deficient (Rag1−/−) mice, OVA-specific TCR transgenic (OTII) mice | 72% |
Tomas et al., 2016 [39] | mice (C57BL/6JRj, Janvier, France) | 71% |
Agus et al., 2016 [29] | C57BL/6 mice | 60% |
Amar et al., 2011 [40] | C57bl6, ob/ob, CD14/, ob/obxCD14/, Myd88/, Nod1/or Nod2/mice | 60% |
Brandsma et al., 2019 [41] | Female Casp1−/− mice (B6N.129S2-Casp1tm1Flv/J)) and Ldlr−/− mice (B6.129S7-Ldlrtm1Her/J) | 60% |
Chelakkot et al., 2018 [42] | C57BL/6 mice | 60% |
Crawford et al., 2019 [30] | Sprague-Dawley rats | 60% |
Guo et al., 2017 [43] | C57BL/6 mice | 60% |
Hu, Zhang, 2016 [44] | Toll-like receptor 4 knockout (TLR4−/−) and C57BL/6J (WT) mice | 60% |
Jeong et al., 2019 [45] | Male C57BL/6 J mice | 60% |
Kawano et al., 2016 [46] | (M-Ccr2KO) and (Vil-Ccl2KO) mice | 60% |
Kim et al., 2012 [47] | C57BL/6J and TLR4-deficient C57BL/10ScNJ mice | 60% |
In Kim et al., 2019 [48] | C57BL/6 mice | 60% |
Li et al., 2019 [49] | C57BL/6 mice | 60% |
Perez et al., 2019 [50] | C57BL/6 mice (IL-17RA−/−) | 60% |
Schmid et al., 2015 [51] | Healthy human | 60% |
Talukdar et al., 2012 [52] | NE KO, JAX labs B6.129X1–Elanetm1Sds/J mice and WT C57BL/6J mice | 60% |
Wang et al., 2020 [53] | C57BL/6J mice | 60% |
Gulhane et al., 2016 [54] | Wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice | 46% |
de la Serre et al., 2010 [55] | Male Sprague Dawley rats | 45% |
Kim et al., 2019 [31] | male C57BL/6 J mice | 45% |
Park et al., 2016 [56] | ApcMin/+ mice | 45% |
Sen et al., 2017 [57] | Male Sprague Dawley rats | 45% |
Napier et al., 2019 [58] | BALB/c mice, C57BL/6 mice | 42% |
Murakami et al., 2016 [59] | C57/BL6 mice | 40% |
Wan et al., 2019 [60] | Healthy adults | 40% |
Laugerette et al., 2011 [61] | C57Bl6/J mice | 37.7% |
Guo et al., 2016 [62] | C57BL/6J ApoE−/− mice | 37% |
2. Methodology
3. Microbiota
3.1. Healthy Microbiota Composition and Dysbiosis
3.2. Anti-Inflammatory and Proinflammatory Microbiota
3.3. High-Fat Diet-Driven Dysbiosis
3.4. Disruption of Spatial Microbiota Distribution
3.5. Increased Gut Permeability
3.6. Decreased SCFA
3.7. Endocannabinoid System
3.8. Endotoxemia
3.9. Bile Acids
3.10. Inflammation-Related Gene Expression
3.11. Neutrophils and Macrophage Activation
3.12. Decreased Production of Antimicrobial Peptides by Paneth Cells
4. Non-Dysbiosis Related Inflammation
4.1. Saturated Fatty Acids
4.2. Oxidative Stress
4.3. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
4.4. TLR4 and NF-κB Pathway
4.5. TNF-α and IL-6
4.6. Increased Gut Permeability and Decreased Tight Junctions
4.7. Gut Microbiota—An Innocent Passerby
4.8. Bile Acids
4.9. Macrophages and Neutrophils Activation
4.10. The Decrease in Gut Peptides
5. Summary
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
Bas | bile acids |
Ccl2 | chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 |
Ccr2 | encoding a chemokine receptor for Ccl2 |
CD14KO | CD14 knockout mice |
CDCA | chenodeoxycholic acid |
Cftr | cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator |
DCA | deoxycholic acid |
EC | endocannabinoid system |
EGFR | epidermal growth factor receptor |
ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
FAK | focal adhesion kinase |
FISH | fluorescent in situ hybridization |
FXR | farnesoid X receptor |
GLP-1 | glucagon-like peptide 1 |
HFD | High-fat diet |
IFN-γ | interferon-γ |
IKKβ | IκB kinase |
iNOS | inducible NO synthase |
JNK | NH2-terminal kinase |
LBP | LPS-binding protein |
LCA | lithocholic acid |
LFD | low-fat diet |
LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
MCP1 | monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 |
MPO | neutrophil myeloperoxidase |
MUFA | monounsaturated fatty acid |
NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
OCLN | occludin |
OxS | oxidative stress |
PBMC | peripheral blood mononuclear cells |
PPAR-γ | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma |
PUFA | polyunsaturated fatty acids |
qPCR | quantitative polymerase chain reaction |
RAS | renin-angiotensin system |
RNS | reactive nitrogen species |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
SCFA | short-chain fatty acids |
SFA | saturated fatty acids |
TGR5 | Takeda G protein-coupled BA receptor-1 |
Th17 | T helper 17 cells |
TJ | tight junctions |
TJP | junction protein |
TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor-α |
UDCA | ursodeoxycholic acid |
UPR | unfolded protein response |
WD | Western diet |
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Bacteria | HFD Impact |
---|---|
Phylum: Firmicutes | ↑ |
Order: Erysipelotrichales | ↑ |
Class: Bacili | ↑ |
Genus: Lactobacillus | ↑ |
Order: Clostridiales | ↑ |
Genus: Oscillibacter | ↑ |
Genus: Dorea | ↑ |
Genus: Ruminococcus | ↑ |
Phylum: Bacteroidetes | ↓ |
Family: Prevotellaceae | ↓ |
Family: Rikenellaceae | ↓ |
Phylum: Actinobacteria | ↑/↓ |
Genus: Bifidobacterium | ↑/↓ |
Phylum: Tenericutes | ↓ |
Phylum: Proteobacteria | ↑ |
Order: Enterobacteriales | ↑ |
Family: Enterobacteriaceae | ↑ |
Order: Desulfovibrionales | ↑ |
Genus: Desulfovibrio | ↑ |
Species: Bilophila wadsworthia | ↑ |
Phylum: Verrucomicrobia |
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Malesza, I.J.; Malesza, M.; Walkowiak, J.; Mussin, N.; Walkowiak, D.; Aringazina, R.; Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, J.; Mądry, E. High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Cells 2021, 10, 3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10113164
Malesza IJ, Malesza M, Walkowiak J, Mussin N, Walkowiak D, Aringazina R, Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J, Mądry E. High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Cells. 2021; 10(11):3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10113164
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalesza, Ida Judyta, Michał Malesza, Jarosław Walkowiak, Nadiar Mussin, Dariusz Walkowiak, Raisa Aringazina, Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, and Edyta Mądry. 2021. "High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review" Cells 10, no. 11: 3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10113164