Associations of MC4R, LEP, and LEPR Polymorphisms with Obesity-Related Parameters in Childhood and Adulthood
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Measurements in Childhood
2.3. Measurements in Adulthood
2.4. Genomic DNA Extraction and Genoty**
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Boys/Men n = 230 | Girls/Women n = 279 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Childhood (12–13 years); mean (SD) or median (IQR) | |||
Age (years) * | 12.9 (0.4) | 12.9 (0.6) | 0.979 |
Weight (kg) ** | 42.9 (13.1) | 47.1 (13.0) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) ** | 17.8 (3.4) | 18.6 (3.3) | 0.003 |
Skinfold thickness (mm): | |||
subscapular ** | 5.5 (2.4) | 7.3 (3.8) | <0.001 |
Triceps ** | 10.2 (5.1) | 13.7 (6.4) | <0.001 |
sum of both ** | 15.6 (7.0) | 21.2 (9.3) | <0.001 |
Childhood (12–13 years); percentages | |||
Overweight | 11.3 | 12.7 | 0.623 |
Obesity | 1.7 | 2.5 | 0.528 |
Adulthood (48–49 years); mean (SD) or median (IQR) | |||
Age (years) * | 48.0 (0.2) | 48.1 (0.2) | 0.045 |
Increase in BMI (child–adult) (kg/m2) ** | 8.8 (5.6) | 6.8 (5.7) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) ** | 26.9 (5.5) | 25.6 (6.3) | 0.009 |
Waist circumference (cm) ** | 95.8 (16.3) | 82.0 (16.3) | <0.001 |
Body fat percentage ** | 25.0 (9.0) | 38.0 (10.0) | <0.001 |
Visceral fat level ** | 11.0 (7.0) | 7.0 (3.0) | <0.001 |
Leptin (ng/mL) ** | 4.3 (4.8) | 12.1 (12.1) | <0.001 |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) * | 6.1 (1.1) | 6.2 (1.1) | 0.543 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) * | 3.9 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.1) | 0.105 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) * | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.6) | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) ** | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.0 (0.5) | <0.001 |
Glucose (mmol/L) ** | 5.3 (0.8) | 5.0 (0.6) | <0.001 |
Energy intake (MJ/d) ** | 8.8 (4.3) | 6.3 (3.4) | <0.001 |
Protein intake (E%) * | 14.1 (5.5) | 13.8 (6.0) | 0.931 |
Fat intake (E%) * | 40.7 (12.5) | 37.7 (13.3) | 0.009 |
Carbohydrate intake (E%) * | 43.0 (15.0) | 45.9 (15.4) | <0.001 |
Sugar intake (E%) * | 13.8 (8.9) | 16.7 (10.7) | <0.001 |
Physical activity * (MET-hours/week) | 50.1 (126.4) | 39.1 (105.7) | 0.411 |
Adulthood (48–49 years); percentages | |||
Overweight | 43.9 | 34.1 | 0.043 |
Obesity | 25.2 | 21.1 | 0.275 |
Increased waist circumference | 57.0 | 57.3 | 0.453 |
Hyperglycemia | 29.6 | 13.3 | <0.001 |
Diabetes | 3.9 | 2.2 | 0.242 |
Metabolic syndrome | 33.6 | 18.3 | <0.001 |
Physical activity levels: | 0.740 | ||
low | 25.2 | 26.2 | |
moderate | 31.3 | 33.7 | |
high | 43.5 | 40.1 |
Genotype | Men | Women | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
n = 230 | n = 279 | ||
MC4R rs17782313 | |||
TT | 66.8 | 68.1 | |
CT | 32.8 | 29.4 | 0.141 |
CC | 0.4 | 2.5 | |
T allele | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.866 |
C allele | 0.17 | 0.17 | |
LEP rs7799039 | |||
GG | 29.3 | 36.4 | |
AG | 54.6 | 47.1 | 0.19 |
AA | 16.1 | 16.5 | |
G allele | 0.57 | 0.6 | 0.334 |
A allele | 0.43 | 0.4 | |
LEPR rs1137101 | |||
AA | 21.8 | 23.9 | |
AG | 50.5 | 52.5 | 0.555 |
GG | 27.7 | 23.6 | |
A allele | 0.47 | 0.5 | 0.34 |
G allele | 0.53 | 0.5 |
Genotype | Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | Subscapular Skinfold Thickness (mm) | Triceps Skinfold Thickness (mm) | Sum of Skinfold Thicknesses (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
MC4R rs17782313 | ||||
TT | 18.3 (3.3) | 7.5 (3.4) | 11.9 (6.1) | 18.5 (9.3) |
CT/CC | 18.6 (3.6) | 8.5 (5.9) | 12.3 (7.8) | 18.8 (10.6) |
p-Value (χ2 test) | 0.123 | 0.009 | 0.399 | 0.309 |
LEP rs7799039 | ||||
GG | 18.4 (3.8) | 8.3 (4.7) | 12.5 (7.5) | 19.2 (12.2) |
AG | 18.2 (3.2) | 7.5 (4.4) * | 11.2 (6.8) * | 17.5 (9.5) * |
AA | 18.4 (3.5) | 7.6 (3.0) | 12.2 (5.7) | 19.6 (9.4) |
p-Value (χ2 test) | 0.288 | 0.192 | 0.042 * | 0.031 * |
LEPR rs1137101 | ||||
AA | 18.3 (3.4) | 8.1 (4.6) | 12.1 (7.9) | 19.1 (12.1) |
AG | 18.3 (3.3) | 7.9 (4.7) | 11.9 (6.9) | 18.4 (10.2) |
GG | 18.4 (3.3) | 7.6 (36) | 12.2 (6.7) | 18.5 (9.7) |
p-Value (χ2 test) | 0.842 | 0.769 | 0.386 | 0.595 |
Characteristics | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TT | CT/CC | p-Value | TT | CT/CC | p-Value | |
Mean (SD) or Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) or Median (IQR) | |||||
Increase in BMI (child–adult) (kg/m2) ** | 8.4 (5.7) | 9.2 (5.0) | 0.085 | 6.2 (5.5) | 7.9 (5.3) | 0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) ** | 26.1 (5.9) | 28.2 (6.7) | 0.006 | 25.4 (6.0) | 26.4 (9.0) | 0.025 |
Waist circumference (cm) ** | 95.0 (17.2) | 99.0 (17.8) | 0.003 | 81.1 (15.1) | 85.0 (17.3) | 0.033 |
Body fat percentage ** | 25.0 (9.0) | 27.0 (10.0) | 0.033 | 37.5 (11.0) | 38.0 (10.0) | 0.199 |
Visceral fat level ** | 10.0 (6.0) | 13.0 (7.0) | 0.007 | 7.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (3.0) | 0.037 |
Leptin (ng/mL) ** | 4.2 (4.4) | 4.2 (4.8) | 0.100 | 11.6 (10.9) | 12.9 (12.9) | 0.208 |
Fat intake (E%) * | 39.2 (12.0) | 42.7 (13.1) | 0.025 | 37.5 (13.2) | 38.5 (13.9) | 0.754 |
Percentages | Percentages | |||||
Obesity | 22.2 | 31.6 | 0.125 | 17.4 | 29.2 | 0.024 |
Increased waist circumference | 51.6 | 68.4 | 0.016 | 54.2 | 64.0 | 0.122 |
Hyperglycemia | 30.7 | 26.3 | 0.490 | 10.5 | 19.1 | 0.049 |
Diabetes | 3.9 | 3.9 | 0.992 | 0.5 | 5.6 | 0.006 |
Metabolic syndrome | 30.3 | 40.6 | 0.113 | 15.8 | 23.9 | 0.106 |
Variable | MC4R rs17782313 Genotype | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
TT | CT/CC | |||
Odds Ratio * | 95% Confidence Intervals | p-Value | ||
Obesity | 1 | 1.8 | 1.2–2.8 | 0.006 |
Increased waist circumference | 1 | 1.7 | 1.2–2.6 | 0.005 |
Metabolic syndrome | 1 | 1.6 | 1.1–2.4 | 0.032 |
Characteristics | Low Level of Physical Activity | Moderate and High Level of Physical Activity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR)) | |||||
TT | CT/CC | p-Value | TT | CT/CC | p-Value | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 (5.7) | 30.3 (5.4) | 0.007 | 26.2 (6.0) | 27.6 (9.2) | 0.088 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 97.0 (14.7) | 103.0 (13.4) | 0.023 | 93.2 (17.5) | 97.2 (16.3) | 0.030 |
Body fat percentage | 26.0 (9.0) | 28.5 (9.0) | 0.035 | 24.0 (9.0) | 26.0 (10.0) | 0.197 |
Visceral fat level | 10.0 (7.0) | 15.0 (5.0) | 0.010 | 11.0 (7.0) | 12.0 (6.0) | 0.062 |
Odds ratio * (95% CI) | Odds ratio * (95% CI) | |||||
Obesity | 1 | 5.6 (1.6–19.8) | 0.007 | 1 | 1.0 (0.5–2.2) | 0.850 |
Increased waist circumference | 1 | 4.2 (1.0–17.0) | 0.048 | 1 | 1.7 (0.9–3.3) | 0.123 |
Characteristics | Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GG | AG | AA | p-Value | GG | AG | AA | p-Value | |
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | |||||||
Increase in BMI (child–adult) (kg/m2) | 10.2 (7.1) | 8.5 (5.0) | 9.0 (5.7) | 0.114 | 6.7 (5.6) | 6.5 (5.0) | 8.1 (6.9) | 0.607 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.9 (8.8) | 26.7 (4.3) * | 26.0 (8.8) * | 0.040 | 25.6 (6.1) | 25.3 (6.1) | 27.1 (7.7) | 0.354 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 100.4 (14.1) | 95.6 (11.0) * | 96.2 (13.6) | 0.035 | 81.0 (15.9) | 82.0 (15.5) | 85.0 (17.5) | 0.768 |
Visceral fat level | 12.0 (8.0) | 11.0 (5.0 *) | 10.5 (9.0) * | 0.037 | 7.0 (3.0) | 7.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (4.0) | 0.352 |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 5.1 (5.6) | 3.9 (3.9) | 3.8 (4.1) | 0.251 | 11.2 (10.9) | 12.3 (13.4) | 13.0 (9.8) | 0.982 |
Percentages | Percentages | |||||||
Obesity | 37.3 | 16.8 ** | 29.7 | 0.006 | 16.2 | 20.3 | 28.9 | 0.211 |
Increased waist circumference | 65.7 | 52.0 | 56.8 | 0.190 | 55.6 | 56.3 | 64.4 | 0.571 |
Characteristics | Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AA | AG | GG | p-Value | AA | AG | GG | p-Value | |
Mean (SD) or Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) or Median (IQR) | |||||||
Increase in BMI (child–adult) (kg/m2) ** | 8.0 (5.3) | 9.8 (5.9) | 7.9 (5.4) | 0.214 | 6.6 (6.0) | 6.6 (5.0) | 7.8 (6.6) | 0.655 |
BMI (kg/m2) ** | 25.8 (5.9) | 27.7 (5.5) | 26.3 (6.4) | 0.201 | 25.4 (8.0) | 25.4 (6.2) | 26.2 (6.9) | 0.422 |
Waist circumference (cm) ** | 95.0 (16.3) | 98.2 (14.8) | 95.0 (16.3) | 0.168 | 84.0 (20.5) | 81.2 (16.3) | 84.3 (15.3) | 0.283 |
Visceral fat level ** | 10.0 (8.0) | 12.0 (6.0) | 11.0 (8.0) | 0.176 | 7.0 (4.0) | 7.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (3.0) | 0.421 |
Leptin (ng/mL) ** | 4.2 (4.0) | 4.9 (4.9) | 4.3 (3.5) | 0.662 | 10.4 (11.8) | 11.0 (11.7) | 15.1 (13.5) | 0.348 |
Fat intake (E%) * | 42.1 (15.4) | 41.2 (11.6) | 39.5 (13.0) | 0.749 | 34.8 (11.0) | 38.3 (13.5) | 41.5 (14.3) * | 0.015 |
Percentages | Percentages | |||||||
Obesity | 22.9 | 27.0 | 26.2 | 0.861 | 27.3 | 17.9 | 23.1 | 0.286 |
Increased waist circumference | 52.1 | 64.0 | 52.5 | 0.214 | 57.6 | 54.5 | 64.6 | 0.389 |
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Raskiliene, A.; Smalinskiene, A.; Kriaucioniene, V.; Lesauskaite, V.; Petkeviciene, J. Associations of MC4R, LEP, and LEPR Polymorphisms with Obesity-Related Parameters in Childhood and Adulthood. Genes 2021, 12, 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12060949
Raskiliene A, Smalinskiene A, Kriaucioniene V, Lesauskaite V, Petkeviciene J. Associations of MC4R, LEP, and LEPR Polymorphisms with Obesity-Related Parameters in Childhood and Adulthood. Genes. 2021; 12(6):949. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12060949
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaskiliene, Asta, Alina Smalinskiene, Vilma Kriaucioniene, Vaiva Lesauskaite, and Janina Petkeviciene. 2021. "Associations of MC4R, LEP, and LEPR Polymorphisms with Obesity-Related Parameters in Childhood and Adulthood" Genes 12, no. 6: 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12060949