Genetic Resources and Vulnerabilities of Major Cucurbit Crops
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cucurbit Crops and Vulnerabilities
2.1. Melon (C. melo)
2.1.1. Melon Vulnerabilities
2.1.2. Melon Genetic Resources
2.2. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
3.1. Documenting Genetic Diversity in Cucurbits
3.2. Future Outlook
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Dhillon, P.S.; Sanguansil, S.; Singh, S.P.; Masud, M.A.T.; Kuman, P.; Bharathi, L.K.; Yetisir, H.; Huang, R.; Canh, D.X.; McCreight, J.D. Gourds: Bitter, bottle, wax, snake, sponge and ridge. In Genetics and Genomics of Cucurbitaceae; Grumet, R., Katzir, N., Garcia-Mas, J., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2017; pp. 155–172. [Google Scholar]
- FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (accessed on 10 March 2021).
- Levi, A.; Jarret, R.; Kousik, S.; Wechter, W.P.; Nimmakayala, P.; Reddy, U.K. Genetic resources of watermelon. In Genetics and Genomics of Cucurbitaceae; Grumet, R., Katzir, N., Garcia-Mas, J., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2017; pp. 87–110. [Google Scholar]
- Zeigler, R.S. An introduction to the global food security, technology and policy nexus. In Sustaining Global Food Security: The Nexus of Science and Policy; Zeigler, R.S., Ed.; CSIRO Publishing: Australia, Clayton, Victoria, 2019; pp. xiv–xxii. [Google Scholar]
- Bramel, P.; Krishnan, S. Systematic assessment for conservation and utilisation of crop genetic resources. In Sustaining Global Food Security: The Nexus of Science and Policy; Zeigler, R.S., Ed.; CSIRO Publishing: Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 2019; pp. 3–14. [Google Scholar]
- Hatfield, J.L.; Boote, K.J.; Kimball, B.A.; Wolfe, D.W.; Ort, D.R.; Izaurralde, R.C.; Thompson, A.M.; Morgan, J.A.; Polley, H.W.; Fay, P.A.; et al. The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, Water Resources, and Biodiversity; Report by the U.S. climate change science program and the subcommittee on global change research; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA, 2008; pp. 21–74.
- Henkhaus, N.; Bartleet, M.; Gang, D.; Grumet, R.; Jordon-Thaden, I.; Lorence, A.; Lyons, E.; Miller, S.; Murray, S.; Nelson, A.; et al. Plant Science Decadal Vision 2020–2030. Reimagining the potential of plants for a healthy and sustainable future. Plant Direct 2020, 4, e00252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chomicki, G.; Schaefer, H.; Renner, S.S. Origin and domestication of cucurbitaceae crops: Insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology. New Phytol. 2020, 226, 1240–1255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Qi, J.; Liu, X.; Shen, D.; Miao, H.; ** of the ore gene controlling the quantity of β-carotene in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) endocarp. Mol. Breed. 2012, 30, 335–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, Y.; Qu, S.; Bo, K.; Gao, M.; Haider, K.R.; Weng, Y. QTL map** of domestication and diversifying selection related traits in round-fruited semi-wild **+of+domestication+and+diversifying+selection+related+traits+in+round-fruited+semi-wild+** of downy and powdery mildew resistances in PI 197088 cucumber with genoty**-by-sequencing in RIL population. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2018, 131, 597–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Call, A.D.; Criswell, A.D.; Wehner, T.C.; Klosinska, U.; Kozik, E.U. Screening cucumber for resistance to downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Crop. Sci. 2012, 52, 577–592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, Y.H.; Tan, J.Y.; Wu, Z.M.; VandenLangenberg, K.; Wehner, T.C.; Wen, C.L.; Zheng, X.Y.; Owens, K.; Thornton, A.; Bang, H.H.; et al. STAYGREEN, STAY HEALTHY: A loss-of-susceptibility mutation in the STAYGREEN gene provides durable, broad-spectrum disease resistances for over 50 years of US cucumber production. New Phytol. 2019, 221, 415–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Qi, C.Z.; Yuan, Z.Z.; Li, Y.X. A new type of cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. var. xishuangbannanesis Qi et Yuan. Acta Hortic. Sin. 1983, 10, 259–263. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Hooker, J.D. Cucumis sativus var. sikkimensis collected in the Himalayan Mountains. Bot. Mag. 1876, 32, 1067. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, L.; Koo, D.H.; Li, Y.; Zhang, X.; Luan, F.; Havey, M.J.; Jiang, J.; Weng, Y. Chromosome rearrangements during domestication of cucumber as revealed by high density genetic map** and draft genome assembly. Plant J. 2012, 71, 895–906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, L.M.; Koo, D.H.; Li, D.W.; Zhang, T.; Jiang, J.M.; Luan, F.S.; Renner, S.S.; Hénaff, E.; Sanseverino, W.; Garcia-Mas, J.; et al. Next-generation sequencing, FISH map**, and synteny-based modeling reveal mechanisms of dysploid chromosome reduction in Cucumis. Plant J. 2014, 77, 16–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bo, K.L.; Ma, Z.; Chen, J.F.; Weng, Y. Molecular map** reveals structural rearrangements and quantitative trait loci underlying traits with local adaptation in semiwild **+reveals+structural+rearrangements+and+quantitative+trait+loci+underlying+traits+with+local+adaptation+in+semiwild+** for downy mildew resistance in cucumber inbred line WI7120 (PI 330628). Theor. Appl. Genet. 2016, 129, 1493–1505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Block, C.; Reitsma, K.R. Powdery mildew resistance in the U.S. national plant germplasm system cucumber collection. HortScience 2005, 40, 416–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Colle, M.; Straley, E.N.; Makela, S.B.; Hammar, S.A.; Grumet, R. Screening the cucumber plant introduction collection for young fruit resistance to Phytophthora capsici. HortScience 2014, 49, 244–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Walters, S.A.; Wehner, T.C.; Barker, K.R. NC-42 and NC-43: Root-knot nematode-resistant cucumber germplasm. HortScience 1996, 31, 1246–1247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wehner, T.C.; Shetty, N.V.; Sloane, J.T. Field and detached-fruit screening tests for resistance to belly rot in cucumber. HortScience 2004, 38, 149–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, S.; Shi, Y.X.; Miao, H.; Li, B.J.; Gu, X.F.; Zhang, S.P. Genetic analysis and QTL map** of resistance to gummy stem blight in Cucumis sativus seedling stage. Plant Dis. 2017, 101, 1145–1152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Walters, S.A.; Wehner, T.C.; Barker, K.R. A single recessive gene for resistance to the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii. J. Hered. 1997, 88, 66–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, Y.H.; Bo, K.L.; Gu, X.F.; Pan, J.S.; Li, Y.H.; Chen, J.F.; Wen, C.L.; Ren, Z.H.; Ren, H.Z.; Chen, X.H.; et al. Molecularly tagged genes and quantitative trait loci in cucumber with recommendations for QTL nomenclature. Hortic. Res. 2019, 7, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, J.F.; Staub, J.E.; Tashiro, Y.; Isshiki, S.; Miyazaki, S. Successful interspecific hybridization between Cucumis sativus L. and C. hystrix Chakr. Euphytica 1997, 96, 413–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhuang, F.Y.; Chen, J.F.; Staub, J.E.; Qian, C.T. Taxonomic relationships of a rare Cucumis species (C-hystrix Chakr.) and its interspecific hybrid with cucumber. HortScience 2006, 41, 571–574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, J.F.; Staub, J.E.; Qian, C.T.; Jiang, J.M.; Luo, X.D.; Zhuang, F.Y. Reproduction and cytogenetic characterization of interspecific hybrids derived from Cucumis hystrix Chakr. to C. sativus L. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2003, 106, 688–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maoto, M.M.; Beswa, D.; Jideani, A.I.O. Watermelon as a potential fruit snack. Int. J. Food Prop. 2019, 22, 355–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- United States Agriculture Marketing Resource Center. 2018. Available online: https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/watermelon# (accessed on 6 March 2021).
- Choudhary, B.R.; Haldhar, S.M.; Maheshwari, S.K.; Bhargava, R.; Sharma, S.K. Phytochemicals and antioxidants in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) genotypes under hot arid region. Indian J. Aric. Sci. 2015, 85, 414–417. [Google Scholar]
- Kousik, C.S.; Brusca, J.; Turechek, W.W. Diseases and disease management strategies take top research priority in the watermelon research and development group members survey (2014 to 2015). Plant Health Prog. 2016, 17, 53–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grumet, R.; Fei, Z.; Levi, A.; Mazourek, M.; McCreight, J.D.; Schultheis, J.; Weng, Y.; Hausbeck, M.; Kousik, S.; Ling, K.S.; et al. The CucCAP project: Leveraging applied genomics to improve disease resistance in cucurbit crops. Acta Hortic. 2020, 1294, 91–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kousik, C.S.; Adkins, S. Detection of cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus infecting watermelon in South Carolina. Plant Health Prog. 2020, 21, 133–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simmons, A.M.; Jarret, R.L.; Cantrell, C.L.; Levi, A. Citrullus ecirrhosus: Wild source of resistance against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) for cultivated watermelon. J. Econ. Entomol. 2019, 112, 2425–2432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Garcia-Mendivil, H.A.; Munera, M.; Gine, A.; Escudero, N.; Pico, M.B.; Gisbert, C.; Sorribas, F.J. Response of two Citrullus amarus accessions to isolates of three species of Meloidogyne and their graft compatibility with watermelon. Crop. Prot. 2019, 119, 208–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thies, J.A.; Ariss, J.J.; Hassell, R.L.; Buckner, S.; Levi, A. Accessions of Citrullus lanatus var. citroides are valuable rootstocks for grafted watermelon in fields infested with root-knot nematodes. HortScience 2015, 50, 4–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Katuuramu, D.N.; Wechter, W.P.; Washington, M.L.; Horry, M.; Cutulle, M.A.; Jarret, R.L.; Levi, A. Phenotypic diversity for root traits and identification of superior germplasm for root breeding in watermelon. HortScience 2020, 5, 1272–1279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wehner, T. Watermelon. In Vegetables I: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodicaceae, and Cucurbitaceae; Prohens, J., Nuez, F., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2008; Volume 1, pp. 381–418. [Google Scholar]
- Gunter, C.; Egel, D.S. Staminate flower production and fusarium wilt reaction of diploid cultivars used as pollenizers for triploid watermelon. HortTechnology 2012, 22, 694–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ayala-Donas, A.; de Cara-Garcia, M.; Talavera-Rubia, M.; Verdejo-Lucas, S. Management of soil-borne fungi and root-knot nematodes in cucurbits through breeding for resistance and grafting. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levi, P.; Lukas, S.; Miles, C. Advances in watermelon grafting to increase efficiency and automation. Horticulturae 2020, 6, 88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levi, A.; Thomas, C.E.; Keinath, A.P.; Wehner, T.C. Genetic diversity among watermelon (Citrullus lanatus and Citrullus colocynthis) accessions. Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol. 2001, 48, 559–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levi, A.; Thomas, C.E.; Wehner, T.C.; Zhang, X. Low genetic diversity indicates the need to broaden the genetic base of cultivated watermelon. HortScience 2001, 36, 1096–1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, S.; Wang, X.; Reddy, U.; Sun, H.H.; Bao, K.; Gao, L.; Mao, L.Y.; Patel, T.; Ortiz, C.; Abburi, V.L.; et al. Genome of ‘Charleston Gray’, the principal American watermelon cultivar, and genetic characterization of 1,365 accessions in the US National Plant Germplasm System watermelon collection. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2019, 17, 2246–2258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McGregor, C. Citrullus lanatus germplasm of Southern Africa. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 2012, 60, 403–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sari, N.; Solmaz, I.; Yetisir, H.; Unlu, H. Watermelon genetic resources in Turkey and their characteristics. Acta Hortic. 2006, 731, 433–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- U.S. National Plant Germplasm System GRIN Global Descriptors. Available online: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/descriptors (accessed on 18 February 2021).
- Guo, S.; Zhao, S.; Sun, H.; Wang, X.; Wu, S.; Lin, T.; Ren, Y.; Gao, L.; Deng, Y.; Zhang, J.; et al. Resequencing of 414 cultivated and wild watermelon accessions identifies selection for fruit quality traits. Nat. Genet. 2019, 51, 616–1623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chomicki, G.; Renner, S.S. Watermelon origin solved with molecular phylogenetics including Linnaean material: Another example of museomics. New Phytol. 2015, 205, 526–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Renner, S.S.; Wu, S.; Pérez-Escobar, O.A.; Silber, M.V.; Fei, Z.; Chomicki, G. A chromosome-level genome of a Kordofan melon illuminates the origin of domesticated watermelons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2021, 118, e2101486118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Davis, A.R.; Levi, A.; Tetteh, A.; Wehner, T.; Russo, V.; Pitrat, M. Evaluation of watermelon and related species for resistance to race 1W powdery mildew. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 2007, 132, 790–795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mujaju, C.; Sehic, J.; Werlemark, G.; Garkava-Gustavsson, L.; Faith, M.; Nybom, H. Genetic diversity in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) landraces from Zimbabwe revealed by RAPD and SSR markers. Hereditas 2010, 147, 142–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ngwepe, R.M.; Mashilo, J.; Shimelis, H. Progress in genetic improvement of citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides): A review. Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol. 2019, 66, 735–758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferriol, M.; Picó, B. Pumpkin and winter squash. In Vegetables I. Handbook of Plant Breeding; Prohens, J., Nuez, F., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY USA, 2008; Volume 1, pp. 317–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loy, J.B. Breeding squash and pumpkins. In Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Cucurbits; Wang, Y.-H., Behera, T.K., Kole, C., Eds.; CRC Press: Enfield, NH, USA, 2012; pp. 93–139. [Google Scholar]
- Paris, H.S. Genetic resources of pumpkins and squash, Cucurbita spp. In Genetics and Genomics of Cucurbitaceae; Grumet, R., Katzir, N., Garcia-Mas, J., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2017; pp. 111–154. [Google Scholar]
- Paris, H.S. History of the cultivar-groups of Cucurbita pepo. Hortic. Rev. 2001, 25, 71–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xanthopoulou, A.; Montero-Pau, J.; Mellidou, I.; Kissoudis, C.; Blanca, J.; Picó, B.; Tsaballa, A.; Tsaliki, E.; Dalakouras, A.; Paris, H.S.; et al. Whole-genome resequencing of Cucurbita pepo morphotypes to discover genomic variants 226 associated with morphology and horticulturally valuable traits. Hortic. Res. 2019, 6, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bonina-Noseworthy, J.; Loy, J.B.; Curran-Celentano, J.; Sideman, R.; Kopsell, D.A. Carotenoid concentration and composition in winter squash: Variability associated with different cultigens, harvest maturities, and storage times. HortScience 2016, 51, 472–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, M.K.; Zhang, M.P.; Mazourek, M.; Tadmor, Y.; Li, L. Regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation in winter squash during storage. Planta 2014, 240, 1063–1074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martín-Hernández, A.M.; Picó, B. Natural resistances to viruses in cucurbits. Agronomy 2021, 11, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; McAuslane, H.J.; Carle, R.B.; Webb, S.E. Impact of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Alekyrodidae) infestation and squash silverleaf disorder on zucchini yield and quality. J. Econ. Entomol. 2004, 97, 2083–2094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holdsworth, W.L.; LaPlant, K.E.; Bell, D.C.; Jahn, M.M.; Mazourek, M. Cultivar-based introgression map** reveals wild species-derived Pm-0, the major powdery mildew resistance locus in squash. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0167715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kates, H.R.; Soltis, P.S.; Soltis, D.E. Evolutionary and domestication history of Cucurbita (pumpkin and squash) species inferred from 44 nuclear loci. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2017, 111, 98–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lust, T.A.; Paris, H.S. Italian horticultural and culinary records of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbitaceae) and emergence of the zucchini in 19th-century Milan. Ann. Bot. 2016, 118, 53–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sun, H.; Wu, S.; Zhang, G.; Jiao, C.; Guo, S.; Ren, Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, H.; Gong, G.; Jia, Z.; et al. Karyotype stability and unbiased fractionation in the paleo-allotetraploid Cucurbita genomes. Mol. Plant. 2017, 10, 1293–1306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nee, M. The domestication of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae). Econ. Bot. 1990, 44, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alves, A.A.C.; Azevedo, V.C.R. Embrapa network for Brazilian plant genetic resources conservation. Biopreserv. Biobank 2018, 16, 350–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ricera, D.F.; Vargas, C.C. Importance of the American resource of Cucurbitaceae conserved by CATIE Germplasm Bank and its potential for genetic improvement. In Proceedings of the Abstracts of the XII Eucarpia Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding, online. 24–28 May 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Seda-Martinez, W.; Wessel-Beaver, L.; Linares-Ramirez, A.; Rodrigues, J.C.V. Virus quantification, flowering, yield, and fruit quality in tropical pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) genotypes susceptible or resistant to two potyviruses. HortScience 2021, 56, 193–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- LaPlant, K.; Vogel, G.; Reeves, E.; Smart, C.; Mazourek, M. Performance and resistance to Phytophthora crown and root rot in squash lines. HortTechnology 2020, 30, 608–618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davies, L.R.; Allender, C.J. Who is sowing our seeds? A systematic review of the use of plant genetic resources in research. Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol. 2017, 64, 1999–2008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Van Treuren, R.; van Hintum, T.J.L. Next-generation genebanking: Plant genetic resources management and utilization in the sequencing era. Plant Genet. Resour. 2014, 12, 298–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Ando, K.; Wu, S.; Reddy, U.K.; Tamang, P.; Bao, K.; Hammar, S.A.; Grumet, R.; McCreight, J.D.; Fei, Z. Genetic characterization of melon accessions in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System and construction of a melon core collection. Mol. Hortic. 2021, in press. [Google Scholar]
- Wilkinson, M.D.; Dumontier, M.; Aalbersberg, I.J.; Appleton, G.; Axton, M.; Baak, A.; Blomberg, N.; Boiten, J.; Santos, L.B.; Bourne, P.E.; et al. The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Sci. Data 2016, 3, 160018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zheng, Y.; Wu, S.; Bai, Y.; Sun, H.; Jiao, C.; Guo, S.; Zhao, K.; Blanca, J.; Zhang, Z.; Huang, S.; et al. Cucurbit Genomics Database (CuGenDB): A central portal for comparative and functional genomics of cucurbit crops. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018, 47, D1128–D1136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Watermelon | Mt | % | Cucumber | Mt | % | Melons | Mt | % | Squashes, Pumpkins | Mt | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total worldwide | 100.4 | Total worldwide | 87.8 | Total worldwide | 27.5 | Total worldwide | 22.9 | ||||
(128 countries) | (132 countries) | (105 countries) | (120 countries) | ||||||||
top 12 producers | 82.4 | 82 | top 12 producers | 79.4 | 90 | top 12 producers | 22.9 | 83 | top 12 producers | 16.1 | 70 |
China | 60.7 | 60 | China | 70.3 | 80 | China | 13.5 | 49 | China | 8.4 | 37 |
Turkey | 3.9 | 4 | Turkey | 1.9 | 2 | Turkey | 1.8 | 7 | Ukraine | 1.3 | 6 |
India | 2.5 | 2 | Russian Fed. | 1.6 | 2 | India | 1.3 | 5 | Russian Fed. | 1.2 | 5 |
Brazil | 2.3 | 2 | Ukraine | 1.0 | 1 | Kazakhstan | 1.0 | 4 | Spain | 0.7 | 3 |
Algeria | 2.2 | 2 | Iran | 0.9 | 1 | Iran | 0.9 | 3 | Mexico | 0.7 | 3 |
Iran | 1.9 | 2 | Uzbekistan | 0.9 | 1 | Egypt | 0.7 | 3 | Bangladesh | 0.6 | 3 |
Russian Fed. | 1.8 | 2 | Mexico | 0.8 | 1 | United States | 0.7 | 3 | United States | 0.6 | 3 |
United States | 1.7 | 2 | Spain | 0.7 | 1 | Spain | 0.7 | 3 | Turkey | 0.6 | 3 |
Egypt | 1.6 | 2 | United States | 0.7 | 1 | Guatemala | 0.6 | 2 | Italy | 0.6 | 3 |
Mexico | 1.4 | 1 | Japan | 0.5 | 1 | Mexico | 0.6 | 2 | Indonesia | 0.5 | 2 |
Kazakhstan | 1.4 | 1 | Poland | 0.5 | 1 | Italy | 0.6 | 2 | Cuba | 0.4 | 2 |
Uzbekistan | 1.2 | 1 | Kazakhstan | 0.5 | 1 | Brazil | 0.6 | 2 | Algeria | 0.4 | 2 |
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) | Melon (Cucumis melo) | ||
Country | No. of accessions | Country | No. of accessions |
US | 1403 | US | 3954 |
Bulgaria | 1030 | Spain | 1789 |
Netherlands | 924 | Brazil | 654 |
Czechoslovakia | 751 | Germany | 448 |
Germany | 611 | Ukraine | 406 |
Poland | 609 | Hungary | 252 |
Spain | 521 | Portugal | 221 |
Taiwan | 394 | Taiwan | 178 |
Ukraine | 391 | Poland | 136 |
Hungary | 265 | Azerbaijan | 114 |
Watermelon (C. lanatus//Citrullus sp.) | Squashes/Pumpkins (Cucurbita spp.-primarily pepo, moschata, maxima) | ||
Country | No. of accessions | Country | No. of accessions |
Brazil | 2007//2010 | Brazil | 6155 |
US | 1922//2211 | US | 4635 |
Sudan | 469//471 | Ukraine | 2114 |
Spain | 428//435 | Spain | 1468 |
Ukraine | 395//452 | Taiwan | 1115 |
Germany | 249//266 | Hungary | 1088 |
Hungary | 240//253 | Germany | 1058 |
Bulgaria | --//242 | Portugal | 887 |
Poland | 101//101 | Bulgaria | 599 |
Species | Number of Accessions |
---|---|
C. amarus | 151 |
C. colocynthis | 24 |
C. ecirrhosus | 3 |
C. lanatus | 1613 |
C. mucosospermus | 75 |
C. naudinianus | 7 |
C. rehmii | 4 |
Citrullus spp. | 1 |
C. pepo var. pepo | Cocozelle 1, Pumpkin, Spaghetti squash, Vegetable Marrow 1 Zucchini 1 |
C. pepo var. ovifera | Acorn, Crookneck 1, Delicata, Scallop 1, Straightneck 1 |
C. moschata | Butternut, Cheese pumpkin, Japonica, Tropical (Calabaza) |
C. maxima | Banana, Buttercup/Kobocha, Giant pumpkin, Hubbard, Kuri, Turban |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Grumet, R.; McCreight, J.D.; McGregor, C.; Weng, Y.; Mazourek, M.; Reitsma, K.; Labate, J.; Davis, A.; Fei, Z. Genetic Resources and Vulnerabilities of Major Cucurbit Crops. Genes 2021, 12, 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12081222
Grumet R, McCreight JD, McGregor C, Weng Y, Mazourek M, Reitsma K, Labate J, Davis A, Fei Z. Genetic Resources and Vulnerabilities of Major Cucurbit Crops. Genes. 2021; 12(8):1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12081222
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrumet, Rebecca, James D. McCreight, Cecilia McGregor, Yiqun Weng, Michael Mazourek, Kathleen Reitsma, Joanne Labate, Angela Davis, and Zhangjun Fei. 2021. "Genetic Resources and Vulnerabilities of Major Cucurbit Crops" Genes 12, no. 8: 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12081222