Impact of Air–Wave–Sea Coupling on the Simulation of Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Potentials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method and Experiments
2.1. Energy Potential Parameters
2.2. Numerical Model
2.2.1. WRF
2.2.2. WW3
2.2.3. NEMO
2.3. Experiments
- Exp1: Exp1 is the control experiment, which is a one-way coupling experiment between WRF and WW3 components. The NEMO model is switched off. In this experiment, WW3 receives the wind field from WRF. WRF does not get any information from the wave model. In other words, this experiment is the same as that we run atmosphere and wave stand-alone models separately.
- Exp2: In this experiment, the WRF and WW3 models are used. The difference from Exp1 is that the Charnock coefficient estimated by WW3 (sea-state-dependent Charnock coefficient) is used in WRF. In other words, WRF model incorporates the wave information in the simulations. Thus, the surface fluxes, such as wind stress, heat fluxes, and humidity fluxes, will be altered as a response to the sea-state-dependent Charnock coefficient. On the wave side, the new wind information forcing the wave model has indirect wave feedback, and the wave energy simulation is altered indirectly. The simulation difference between Exp2 and Exp1 is due to the atmosphere–wave interaction processes.
- Exp3: The WRF, NEMO and WW3 are switched on in this experiment. The differences between Exp3 and Exp2 are that the atmosphere–ocean coupling processes are included in the system. The forcing data for NEMO is from the WRF model, which provides wind stress, short and long wave radiations, and net water flux (see Table 1). The variables that the NEMO model sends back to the WRF include surface currents and SST. The other settings are the same as in Exp2. Thus, the WPE and WPD difference between Exp3 and Exp2 is due to the atmosphere–ocean coupling processes.
- Exp4: The wave–current interactions are activated in Exp4, which include (1) the sea-state-dependent water-side stress, (2) sea-state-dependent TKE flux, (3) Stokes drift impact on the currents (in terms of Coriolis–Stokes force and Stokes advection in the momentum and tracer equations), (4) wave impact on ocean surface TKE roughness length, and (5) ocean current impact on waves. The water level impact on the wave simulation is also added in this experiment. The water level information is from NEMO model where the tide impact is also included. The other settings are the same as in Exp3 (see Table 1 for the details of those processes). Thus, the difference between Exp4 and Exp3 is due to the wave–current interaction processes.
3. Results
3.1. Mean Energy Potentials
3.2. Impact of Coupling on Mean Energy Potentials
3.3. Energy Potentials Dependence on the Distance From Coast
3.4. Coupling Influences with the Distance from the Coastline
4. Discussion
4.1. Sea-State-Dependent Stress
4.2. Feedback from SST and Current Coupling
4.3. Wave–Current Coupling Influence
4.4. Resolution Influences
4.5. Wind Direction Influences
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Exp1 | Exp2 | Exp3 | Exp4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Charnock coefficient in WRF | Equation (6) | Equation (8) | Equation (8) | Equation (8) |
Wind forcing for WW3 | from WRF | from WRF | from WRF | from WRF |
SST | ERA-Interim | ERA-Interim | from NEMO | from NEMO |
Surface currents in WRF | 0 | 0 | from NEMO | from NEMO |
Forcing data for NEMO | × | × | from WRF | from WRF |
Stokes drift for NEMO | × | × | 0 | from WW3 |
Wind stress for NEMO | × | × | Equation (20) | |
TKE flux to NEMO | × | × | Equation (18) | Equation (11) |
Roughness length in NEMO | × | × | Equation (19) | Equation (21) |
Currents in WW3 | × | × | 0 | from NEMO |
Water level | × | × | 0 | from NEMO |
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Wu, L.; Shao, M.; Sahlée, E. Impact of Air–Wave–Sea Coupling on the Simulation of Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Potentials. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 327. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040327
Wu L, Shao M, Sahlée E. Impact of Air–Wave–Sea Coupling on the Simulation of Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Potentials. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(4):327. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040327
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Lichuan, Mingming Shao, and Erik Sahlée. 2020. "Impact of Air–Wave–Sea Coupling on the Simulation of Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Potentials" Atmosphere 11, no. 4: 327. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040327