Temporal Changes in Ozone Concentrations and Their Impact on Vegetation
Abstract
:1. Changes in O3 Concentration
2. Methodological Approaches
2.1. Open-Top Chambers
2.2. Free-Air Systems
2.3. Micrometeorological Approaches
2.4. Modelling Approaches
3. Effect on Carbon Uptake from Leaf to Ecosystem Level
Type of Ecosystem | Dominant Plant | O3 Effect | Country | Criterion | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mature stand | Scots pine | neutral | Belgium | GPP | [92] |
Plantation | mix of poplars | neutral | Belgium | NEE | [129] |
Mature stand | Stone pine | neutral | Italy | GPP | [85] |
Mixed hardwood/conifer forests | Red oak, Red maple | negligible | USA | GPP | [131] |
USA vegetation | - | reduction 1–16% | USA | GPP | [135] |
Young stand | Norway spruce | reduction | Czech Republic | NEP | [124] |
Young stand | Norway spruce | reduction 24.8% | Czech Republic | NEP | [28] |
Young stand | Ponderosa pine | reduction 12% | USA | GPP | [85] |
Orchard | Orange orchard | reduction 19% | USA | GPP | [85] |
Flux sites in Europe and USA | - | reduction 6–29% deciduous forest reduction 4–20% evergreen needle leaf forest | Europe, USA | biomass | [136] |
4. Interactive Effects of O3
4.1. Interactive Effects of Solar Radiation and O3
4.2. Interactive Effects of Temperature and O3
4.3. Interactive Effect of Drought and O3
4.4. Interactive Effect of Nitrogen Supply and O3
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Forest Type | Species | Country | Total Deposition Flux (nmol m−2 s−1) | Stomatal Flux (% of Total) | Approach | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subalpine coniferous | Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa | Wyoming, USA | 0.5–0.6 * (summer max) | 59 | EC | [81] |
Mountainous | Picea abies | Czech Republic | 7.09 (daily mean) | dominant ** | modelling | [124] |
Mountainous | Picea abies | Czech Republic | 14 (summer max) 2 (winter max) | 43.5–53.5 | EC | [29] |
Northern mixed hardwood | Populus grandidentata | Michigan, USA | 27.7 (seasonal max) | 37 | EC | [121] |
Evergreen Mediterranean | Quercus ilex | Italy | 6.9–8.6 (daily average) 51 (seasonal max) | 34.4 | EC | [119] |
Coniferous | Pinus sylvestris | Belgium | 0.8–5.8 (daily mean) | 26 | modelling | [92] |
Coniferous | Picea abies | Denmark | 0.5 * (5-years mean) | 21 | modelling | [125] |
Coniferous | Pinus halepensis | Israel | 5–10 (seasonal range) | 21 | EC | [122] |
Alpine | Larix decidua | Italy | 40 (summer daily max) | 15 | EC | [123] |
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Juráň, S.; Grace, J.; Urban, O. Temporal Changes in Ozone Concentrations and Their Impact on Vegetation. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010082
Juráň S, Grace J, Urban O. Temporal Changes in Ozone Concentrations and Their Impact on Vegetation. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(1):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010082
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuráň, Stanislav, John Grace, and Otmar Urban. 2021. "Temporal Changes in Ozone Concentrations and Their Impact on Vegetation" Atmosphere 12, no. 1: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010082