Aerosols as Vectors for Contaminants: A Perspective Based on Outdoor Aerosol Data from Kuwait
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Radionuclides
3. Organics
3.1. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Analyses
3.2. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
3.3. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin and Dibenzofuran (PCDD/F)
3.4. Microplastics in Aerosols
4. Microbes
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- WHO. WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2021.
- Thurston, G.D.; Kipen, H.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Balmes, J.; Brook, R.D.; Cromar, K.; De Matteis, S.; Forastiere, F.; Forsberg, B.; Frampton, M.W.; et al. A joint ERS/ATS policy statement: What constitutes an adverse health effect of air pollution? An analytical framework. Eur. Respir. J. 2017, 49, 1600419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pai, S.J.; Carter, T.S.; Heald, C.L.; Kroll, J.H. Updated World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines Highlight the Importance of Non-anthropogenic PM2.5. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2022, 9, 501–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chi, K.H.; Hsu, S.C.; Wang, S.H.; Chang, M.B. Increases in ambient PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in Northern Taiwan during an Asian dust storm episode. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 401, 100–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Awadhi, J. Dust fallout characteristics in Kuwait: A case study. Kuwait J. Sci. Eng. 2005, 32, 135–152. [Google Scholar]
- Garrison, V.H.; Foreman, W.T.; Genualdi, S.; Griffin, D.W.; Kellogg, C.A.; Majewski, M.S.; Mohammed, A.; Ramsubhag, A.; Shinn, E.A.; Simonich, S.L.; et al. Sahara dust—A carrier of persistent organic pollutants, metals and microbes to the Caribbean. Rev. Biol. Trop. 2006, 54 (Suppl. S3), 9–21. [Google Scholar]
- Al-Ghadban, A.N.; Shemmari, H.; Al Dousari, A.M. Preliminary Assessment of the Impacts of Draining of Iraqi Marshes on Kuwait’s Northern Marine Environment. Part 1. Physical Manipulation. Water Sci. Technol. 1999, 40, 75–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doronzo, D.M.; Al-Dousari, A.M.; Folch, A.; Waldhauserova, P.D. Preface to the dust topical collection. Arab J. Geosci. 2016, 9, 468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Subramaniam, N.; Al-Sudairawi, M.; Al-Dousari, A.; Al-Dousari, N. Probability distribution and extreme value analysis of total suspended particulate matter in Kuwait. Arab. J. Geosci. 2015, 8, 11329–11344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Shemmari, H.; Al-Dousari, A.M.; Talebi, L.; Al-Ghadban, A.N. Mineralogical Characteristics of Surface Sediments along Sulaibikhat Bay, Kuwait. Kuwait J. Sci. Eng. 2013, 40, 159–176. [Google Scholar]
- Al-Dousari, A.M.; Pye, K.; Al-Hazza, A.; Al-Shatti, F.; Ahmed, M.; Al-Dousari, N.; Rajab, M. Nanosize inclusions as a fingerprint for Aeolian sediments. J. Nanoparticle Res. 2020, 22, 94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Subramaniam, N.; Al-Dousari, A.M. A study on the annual fallout of the dust and the associated elements into the Kuwait Bay. Arab. J. Geosci. 2015, 9, 210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ezeamuzie, C.I.; Beg, M.U.; Al-Ajmi, D. Responses Of Alveolar Macrophages To Post-Gulf-War Airborne Dust From Kuwait. Environ. Int. 1998, 24, 213–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Griffin, P.; Ford, A.W.; Alterman, L.; Thompson, J.; Parkinson, C.; Blainey, A.D.; Davies, R.J.; Top**, M.D. Allergenic and antigenic relationship between three species of storage mite and the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1989, 84, 108–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petaja, J.M.; Griffin, J.H. Activated protein C resistance: What have we learned now that the dust has settled? Ann. Med. 1997, 29, 469–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Griffin, D.W.; Kellogg, C.A.; Shinn, E.A. Dust in the wind: Long range transport of dust in the atomosphere and its implications for global public and ecosystem health. Glob. Chang. Hum. Health 2001, 2, 20–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Griffin, D.W.; Garrison, V.H.; Herman, J.R.; Shinn, E.A. African desert dust in the Caribbean atmosphere: Microbiology and public health. Aerobiologia 2001, 17, 203–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Griffin, D.; Kellogg, C. Dust storms and their impact on ocean and human health: Dust in earth’s atmosphere. EcoHealth 2004, 1, 284–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khider, A.K.; Abdullah, J.J.; Toma, F.M. Atmospheric movement of bacteria and fungi in clouds of dust in Erbil city, Iraq. Res. J. Environ. Earth Sci. 2012, 4, 303–307. [Google Scholar]
- Thalib, L.; Al-Taiar, A. Dust storms and the risk of asthma admissions to hospitals in Kuwait. Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 433, 347–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Taiar, A.; Thalib, L. Short-term effect of dust storms on the risk of mortality due to respiratory, cardiovascular and all-causes in Kuwait. Int. J. Biometeorol. 2014, 58, 69–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gevao, B.; Al-Ghadban, A.N.; Uddin, S.; Jaward, F.M.; Bahloul, M.; Zafar, J. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soils along a rural-urban-rural transect: Sources, concentration gradients, and profiles. Environ. Pollut. 2011, 159, 3666–3672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uddin, S.; Gevao, B.; Talebi, L.; Al-Yagoub, A.; Al-Shamroukh, D. Estimation of PM2.5 Concentrations Using Satellite Data, with Spatio-Temporal Variations of Chamicals Associated with PM; Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research: Kuwait City, Kuwait, 2013; pp. 1–74. [Google Scholar]
- Al-Obed, M.; Uddin, S.; Ramadhan, A. Dust storm satellite images. In Atlas of Fallen Dust in Kuwait; Al-Dousari, A., Ed.; Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland, 2021; pp. 1–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foda, M.A.; Khalaf, F.I.; Al-Kadi, A.S. Estimation of Dust Fallout rates in the Northern Arabian Gulf. Sedimentology 1985, 32, 595–603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prasad, A.K.; Singh, R.P. Comparison of MISR-MODIS aerosol optical depth over the Indo-Gangetic basin during the winter and summer seasons (2000–2005). Remote Sens. Environ. 2007, 107, 109–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boucher, O.; Haywood, J. On summing the components of radiative forcing of climate change. Clim. Dyn. 2001, 18, 297–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Maring, H.; Savoie, D.; Voss, K.; Prospero, J.M. Dominance of mineral dust in serosol light-scattering in the North Atlantic trade winds. Nature 1996, 380, 416–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moulin, C.; Lambert, C.E.; Dulac, F.; Dayan, U. Control of atmospheric export of dust by North Atlantic oscillation. Nature 1997, 387, 691–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alpert, P.; Kaufman, Y.J.; El-Shay, Y.; Tanre, D.; da Silva, A.; Schubert, S.; Joseph, J.H. Quantification of dust-forced heating of the lower troposphere. Nature 1998, 394, 367–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, R.L.; Tegen, I. Climate response to soil dust serosols. J. Clim. 1998, 11, 3247–3267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goudie, A.S.; Middleton, N.J. Saharan dust storms: Nature and consequences. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2001, 56, 179–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ridgwell, A.J. Dust in Earth System: The biogeochemical linking of land, air and sea. Phylosophical Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 2002, 360, 2905–2924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Griffin, D.W. Atmospheric movement of microorganisms in clouds of desert dust and implications for human health. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2007, 20, 459–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Reynolds, K.A.; Pepper, I.L. Microorganisms in the Environment; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2000; p. 585. [Google Scholar]
- Williamson, K.E.; Wommack, K.E.; Radosevich, M. Sampling natural viral communities from soil for culture-independent analyses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69, 6628–6633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yates, M.V.; Yates, S.R. Modeling microbial fate in the subsurface environment. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 1988, 17, 307–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Griffin, D.W.; Kellogg, C.A.; Garrison, V.H.; Shinn, E.A. The global transport of dust. Am. Sci. 2002, 90, 228–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di-Lella, L.A.; Loppi, S.; Protano, G.; Riccobono, F. Toxic trace elements and organic compounds in the ambient air of Kabul, Afghanistan. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 225–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.S.; Yang, C.Y. Effects of Asian dust storm events on daily hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in Taipei, Taiwan. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 2005, 68, 1457–1464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ha, M.H.; Lee, D.H.; Jacobs, D.R. Association between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and self-reported cardiovascular disease prevalence: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2002. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115, 1204–1209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mariana, M.; Feiteiro, J.; Verde, I.; Cairrao, E. The effects of phthalates in the cardiovascular and reproductive systems: A review. Environ. Int. 2016, 94, 758–776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, D.; Li, Q.; Shang, X.; Liang, Y.; Ding, X.; Sun, H.; Li, S.; Wang, S.; Chen, Y.; Chen, J. Commodity plastic burning as a source of inhaled toxic aerosols. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 416, 125820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Długosz-Lisiecka, M. The sources and fate of 210Po in the urban air: A review. Environ. Int. 2016, 94, 325–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez-Guijarro, K.; Ramadan, A.; Gevao, B. Atmospheric concentration of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) at Umm-Al-Aish oil field-Kuwait. Chemosphere 2017, 168, 147–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dockery, D.W.; Pope, C.A.; **,+X.&author=Spengler,+J.D.&author=Ware,+J.H.&author=Fay,+M.E.&author=Ferris,+B.G.,+Jr.&author=Speizer,+F.E.&publication_year=1993&journal=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&volume=329&pages=1753%E2%80%931759&doi=10.1056/NEJM199312093292401&pmid=8179653" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pope, C.A., III; Dockery, D.W. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 2006, 56, 709–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pope, C.A.; Burnett, R.T.; Thun, M.J.; Calle, E.E.; Krewski, D.; Ito, K.; Thurston, G.D. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2002, 287, 1132–1141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hansen, J.; Sato, M.; Lacis, A.; Ruedy, R.; Tegen, I.; Mathews, E. Climate forcings in the industrial era. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 12753–12758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hurtado, E.; Vidal, A.; Caselles, V. Comparison of two atmospheric correction methods for Landsat TM thermal band. Int. J. Remote Sens. 1996, 17, 237–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramanathan, V.; Ramana, M.V.; Roberts, G.; Kim, D.; Corrigan, C.; Chung, C.; Winker, D. Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption. Nature 2007, 448, 575–578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, D.; Qiao, L.; Chen, J.; Ye, X.; Yang, X.; Cheng, T.; Fang, W. Hygroscopicity of inorganic aerosols: Size and relative humidity effects on the growth factor. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2010, 10, 255–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uddin, S.; Fowler, S.W.; Behbehani, M. 210Po in the environment: Reassessment of dose to humans. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baskaran, M. Radon—A Tracer for Geological, Geophysical and Geochemical Studies; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Dlugosz-Lisiecka, M. Excess of (210)Polonium activity in the surface urban atmosphere. Part (1) fluctuation of the (210)Po excess in the air. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 2015, 17, 458–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baskaran, M. Po-210 and Pb-210 as atmospheric tracers and global atmospheric Pb-210 fallout: A review. J. Environ. Radioact. 2011, 102, 500–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Behbehani, M.; Carvalho, F.P.; Uddin, S.; Habibi, N. Enhanced polonium concentrations in aerosols from the gulf oil producing region and the role of microorganisms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 13309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Behbehani, M.; Uddin, S.; Baskaran, M. 210Po concentration in different size fractions of aerosol likely contribution from industrial sources. J. Environ. Radioact. 2020, 222, 106323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carvalho, F.P. Origins and Concentrations of Rn-222, Pb-210, Bi-210 and Po-210 in the Surface Air at Lisbon, Portugal, at the Atlantic Edge of the European Continental Landmass. Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 1809–1819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ram, K.; Sarin, M.M. Atmospheric 210Pb, 210Po and 210Po/210Pb activity ratio in urban aerosols: Temporal variability and impact of biomass burning emission. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 2012, 64, 17513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yi, Y.; Zhou, P.; Liu, G. Atmospheric deposition fluxes of 7Be, 210Pb and 210Po at ** Southeast Asian megacity under tropical climate. Chemosphere 2021, 272, 129874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szewc, K.; Graca, B.; Dołęga, A. Atmospheric deposition of microplastics in the coastal zone: Characteristics and relationship with meteorological factors. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 761, 143272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, F.; Lai, Z.; Peng, G.; Luo, L.; Liu, K.; Huang, X.; Xu, Y.; Shen, Q.; Li, D. Microplastic abundance and distribution in a Central Asian desert. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 800, 149529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Syafei, A.; Nurasrin, N.; Assomadi, A.; Boedisantoso, R. Microplastic Pollution in the Ambient Air of Surabaya, Indonesia. Curr. World Environ. 2019, 14, 290–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, K.; Wu, T.; Wang, X.; Song, Z.; Zong, C.; Wei, N.; Li, D. Consistent Transport of Terrestrial Microplastics to the Ocean through Atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 10612–10619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roblin, B.; Ryan, M.; Vreugdenhil, A.; Aherne, J. Ambient Atmospheric Deposition of Anthropogenic Microfibers and Microplastics on the Western Periphery of Europe (Ireland). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 11100–11108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Amato-Lourenço, L.F.; Carvalho-Oliveira, R.; Júnior, G.R.; dos Santos Galvão, L.; Ando, R.A.; Mauad, T. Presence of airborne microplastics in human lung tissue. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 416, 126124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, K.; Wang, X.; Fang, T.; Xu, P.; Zhu, L.; Li, D. Source and potential risk assessment of suspended atmospheric microplastics in Shanghai. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 675, 462–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gaston, E.; Woo, M.; Steele, C.; Sukumaran, S.; Anderson, S. Microplastics Differ Between Indoor and Outdoor Air Masses: Insights from Multiple Microscopy Methodologies. Appl. Spectrosc. 2020, 74, 1079–1098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yao, Y.; Glamoclija, M.; Murphy, A.; Gao, Y. Characterization of microplastics in indoor and ambient air in northern New Jersey. Environ. Res. 2021, 207, 112142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wright, S.L.; Kelly, F.J. Plastic and human health: A micro issue? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 6634–6647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pauly, J.L.; Stegmeier, S.J.; Allaart, H.A.; Cheney, R.T.; Zhang, P.J.; Mayer, A.G.; Streck, R.J. Inhaled cellulosic and plastic fibers found in human lung tissue. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 1998, 7, 419–428. [Google Scholar]
- Law, B.D.; Bunn, W.B.; Hesterberg, T.W. Solubility of polymeric organic fibers and manmade vitreous fibers in Gambles solution. Inhal. Toxicol. 1990, 2, 321–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boag, A.H.; Colby, T.V.; Fraire, A.E.; Kuhn, C.; Roggli, V.L.; Travis, W.D.; Vallyathan, V. The pathology of interstitial lung disease in nylon flock workers. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1999, 23, 1539–1545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eschenbacher, W.L.; Kreiss, K.; Lougheed, M.D.; Pransky, G.S.; Day, B.; Castellan, R.M. Nylon flock associated interstitial lung disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999, 159, 2003–2008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kremer, A.M.; Pal, T.M.; Boleij, J.S.; Schouten, J.P.; Rijcken, B. Airway hyper-responsiveness and the prevalence of work-related symptoms in workers exposed to irritants. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1994, 26, 655–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brennecke, D.; Ferreira, E.C.; Costa, T.M.M.; Appel, D.; da Gama, B.A.P.; Lenz, M. Ingested microplastics (>100μm) are translocated to organs of the tropical fiddler crab Uca Rapax Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015, 96, 491–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carbery, M.; O’Connor, W.; Palanisami, T. Trophic transfer of microplastics and mixed contaminants in the marine food web and implications for human health. Environ. Int. 2018, 115, 400–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Amato-Lourenço, L.F.; Dos Santos Galvão, L.; de Weger, L.A.; Hiemstra, P.S.; Vijver, M.G.; Mauad, T. An emerging class of air pollutants: Potential effects of microplastics to respiratory human health? Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 749, 141676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alimba, C.G.; Faggio, C. Microplastics in the marine environment: Current trends in environmental pollution and mechanisms of toxicological profile. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2019, 68, 61–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrady, A.L. Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2011, 62, 1596–1605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrady, A.L. The plastic in microplastics: A review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 119, 12–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Auta, H.S.; Emenike, C.U.; Fauziah, S.H. Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions. Environ. Int. 2017, 102, 165–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brennecke, D.; Duarte, B.; Paiva, F.; Caçador, I.; Canning-Clode, J. Microplastics as vector for heavy metal contamination from the marine environment. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2016, 178, 189–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Sa, L.C.; Oliveira, M.; Ribeiro, F.; Rocha, T.L.; Futter, M.N. Studies of the effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms: What do we know and where should we focus our efforts in the future? Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 645, 1029–1039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Esmaili, Z.; Naji, A. Comparison of the frequency, type and shape of microplastics in the low and high tidal of the coastline of Bandar Abbas. J. Oceanogr. 2018, 8, 53–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fahrenfeld, N.L.; Arbuckle-Keil, G.; Naderi Beni, N.; Bartelt-Hunt, S.L. Source tracking microplastics in the freshwater environment. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2019, 112, 248–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hidalgo-Ruz, V.; Gutow, L.; Thompson, R.C.; Thiel, M. Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 3060–3075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lusher, A. Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Distribution, Interactions and Effects. In Marine Anthropogenic Litter; Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., Klages, M., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2015; pp. 245–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maes, T.; Jessop, R.; Wellner, N.; Haupt, K.; Mayes, A.G. A rapid-screening approach to detect and quantify microplastics based on fluorescent tagging with Nile Red. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 44501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rodrigues, J.P.; Duarte, A.C.; Santos-Echeandía, J.; Rocha-Santos, T. Significance of interactions between microplastics and POPs in the marine environment: A critical overview. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2019, 111, 252–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schymanski, D.; Goldbeck, C.; Humpf, H.U.; Furst, P. Analysis of microplastics in water by micro-Raman spectroscopy: Release of plastic particles from different packaging into mineral water. Water Res. 2018, 129, 154–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- **adasa, B.K.K.K.; Uddin, S.; Fowler, S.W. Microplastics (MPs) in marine food chains: Is it a food safety issue? In Nano/micro-Plastics Toxicity on Food Quality and Food Safety; Ozogul, F., Ed.; Advances in Food and Nutrition Research; Elsevier Science: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2022; Volume 103, p. 3. ISBN 9780323988353. [Google Scholar]
- Vroom, R.J.E.; Koelmans, A.A.; Besseling, E.; Halsband, C. Aging of microplastics promotes their ingestion by marine zooplankton. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 231, 987–996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wagner, M.; Scherer, C.; Alvarez-Munor, D.; Brennholt, N.; Bourrain, X.; Buchinger, S.; Fries, E.; Grosbois, C.; Klasmeier, J.; Marti, T.; et al. Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems: What we now and what we need to know. Environ. Sci. Eur. 2014, 26, 12–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wan, J.K.; Chu, W.-L.; Kok, Y.; Lee, C. Distribution of microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic ecosystems and their impacts on aquatic organisms, with emphasis on microalgae. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Vol. 2018, 246, 133–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.; Wang, J.; Liu, X.; Qu, F.; Wang, X.; Wang, X.; Li, Y.; Sun, Y. Microplastics in the environment: A review of analytical methods, distribution, and biological effects. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2019, 111, 62–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Endo, S.; Yuyama, M.; Takada, H. Desorption kinetics of hydrophobic organic contaminants from marine plastic pellets. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2013, 74, 125–131. [Google Scholar]
- Franck, U.; Leitte, A.; Suppan, P. Multifactorial airborne exposures and respiratory hospital admissions—The example of Santiago de Chile. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 502, 114–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, M.; Love, D.C.; Rochman, C.M.; Neff, R.A. Microplastics in Seafood and the Implications for Human Health. Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 2018, 5, 375–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Berkner, S.; Streck, G.; Herrmann, R. Development and validation of a method for determination of trace levels of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in atmospheric samples. Chemosphere 2004, 54, 575–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Graziani, N.S.; Carreras, H.; Wannaz, E. Atmospheric levels of BPA associated with particulate matter in an urban environment. Heliyon 2019, 5, e01419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, Y.; Ding, D.; Shu, M.; Wei, Z.; Wang, T.; Zhang, Q.; Ji, X.; Zhou, P.; Dan, M. Characteristics of Indoor and Outdoor Fine Phthalates during Different Seasons and Haze Periods in Bei**g. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2019, 19, 364–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jacobson, M.C.; Hansson, H.-C.; Noone, K.J.; Charlson, R.J. Organic atmospheric aerosols: Review and state of the science. Rev. Geophys. 2000, 38, 267–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hyde, P.; Mahalov, A. Contribution of bioaerosols to airborne particulate matter. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 2020, 70, 71–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Habibi, N.; Uddin, S.; Al-Salameen, F.; Al-Amad, S.; Kumar, V.; Otaibi, M. Identification and Characterization of Novel Corona and Associated Respiratory Viruses in Aerosols; Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research: Kuwait City, Kuwait, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Al Salameen, F.; Habibi, N.; Uddin, S.; Mataqi, K.; Al Amad, S.; Kumar, V.; Al Doaij, B.; Al Ali, E. Characterization and Identification of Micro-Organisms Associated with Airborne Dust in Kuwait Final Report (EM075C); Final Report KISR.; Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research: Kuwait City, Kuwait, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Al Salameen, F.; Habibi, N.; Uddin, S.; Al Mataqi, K.; Kumar, V.; Al Doaij, B.; Al Amad, S.; Al Ali, E.; Shirshikhar, F. Spatio-temporal variations in bacterial and fungal community associated with dust aerosol in Kuwait. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0241283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Habibi, N.; Uddin, S.; Al-Salameen, F.; Al-Amad, S.; Kumar, V.; Al-Otaibi, M.; Razzak, N.A.; Sajan, A.; Shirshikar, F. SARS-CoV-2, other respiratory viruses and bacteria in aerosols: Report from Kuwait’s hospitals. Indoor Air 2021, 31, 1815–1825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Habibi, N.; Behbehani, M.; Uddin, S.; Al Salamin, F.; Shajan, A.; Zakir, F. A safe and effective sample collection method for assessment of SARSCoV2 in aerosol samples. In Environmental Resilience and Transformation in Times of COVID-19; Ramanathan, A.L., Chidambaram, S., Jonathan, M.P., Munoz-Arriola, F., Prasanna, M.V., Kumar, P., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021; pp. 194–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Habibi, N.; Uddin, S.; Salameen, F.A.; Behbehani, M.; Shirshikhar, F.; Razzack, N.A.; Shajan, A.; Zakir Hussain, F. Collection of bacterial community associated with size fractionated aerosols from Kuwait. Data 2021, 6, 123. [Google Scholar]
- Habibi, N.; Uddin, S.; Al-Salameen, F.; Al-Amad, S.; AbdulRazzack, N.; Shajan, A. Evidences of airborne spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Indoor Air; Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research: Kuwait City, Kuwait, 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Habibi, N.; Uddin, S.; Behbehani, M.; Abdul Razzack, N.; Zakir, F.; Shajan, A. SARS-CoV-2 in hospital air as revealed by comprehensive respiratory viral panel sequencing. Infect. Prev. Pract. 2022, 4, 100199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Habibi, N.; Uddin, S.; Behbehani, M.; Al Salameen, F.; Razzack, N.A.; Zakir, F.; Shajan, A.; Alam, F. Bacterial and fungal communities in indoor aerosols from two Kuwaiti hospitals. Front. Microbiol. 2022, 13, 955913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mustafa, A.S.; Habibi, N.; Osman, A.; Shaheed, F.; Khan, M.W. Species identification and molecular ty** of human Brucella isolates from Kuwait. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0182111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Khaniabadi, Y.O.; Daryanoosh, S.M.; Amrane, A.; Polosa, R.; Hopke, P.K.; Goudarzi, G.; Mohammadi, M.J.; Sicard, P.; Armin, H. Impact of middle Eastern dust storms on human health. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 2017, 8, 606–613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braun-Fahrlander, C.; Riedler, J.; Herz, U.; Eder, W.; Waser, M.; Grize, L. Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. New Engl. J. Med. 2002, 347, 869–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kellogg, C.A.; Griffin, D.W.; Garrison, V.H.; Peak, K.K.; Royall, N.; Smith, R.R. Characterization of aerosolized bacteria and fungi from desert dust events, in Mali, West Africa. Aerobiologia 2004, 20, 99–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kellogg, C.A.; Griffin, D.W. Aerobiology and the global transport of desert dust. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2006, 21, 638–644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Molesworth, A.M.; Thomson, M.C.; Connor, S.J.; Cresswell, M.P.; Morse, A.P.; Shears, P. Where is the meningitis belt? Defining an area at risk of epidemic meningitis in Africa. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2002, 96, 242–249. [Google Scholar]
- **adu, B.A. Valley Fever Task Force Report on the Control of Coccidioides immitis Bakersfield, CA; Kern County Health Department: Bakersfield, CA, USA, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Griffin, D.W.; Kubilay, N.; Kocak, M.; Gray, M.A.; Borden, T.C.; Shinn, E.A. Airborne desert dust and aeromicrobiology over Turkish Mediterranean coastline. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 4050–4062. [Google Scholar]
- Sogin, M.L.; Morrison, H.G.; Huber, J.A.; Welch, D.M.; Huse, S.M.; Neal, P.R.; Arrieta, J.M.; Herndl, G.J. Microbial diversity in the deep sea and the underexplored “rare biosphere”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 12115–12120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- McNeary, D.; Baskaran, M. Depositional characteristics of7Be and210Pb in southeastern Michigan. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108, 4210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Y.; Li, Q.; **e, S.; Zhang, C.; Yan, F.; Liu, Y.; Kang, S.; Gao, S.; Li, C. Composition and sources of heavy metals in aerosol at a remote site of Southeast Tibetan Plateau, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 845, 157308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Size Fractions | NGS | NGS | Microscopic | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | 0.39 to 0.69 μm | Aeromonas | <LOD | Streptomyces, Bacillus |
>0.69 to 1.3 μm | Aeromonas | Brevundimonas | ||
>1.3 to 2.1 μm | Aeromonas | Brevundimonas | Bacillus | |
>2.1 to 4.2 μm | Aeromonas | Brevundimonas | ||
>4.2 to 10.2 μm | Aeromonas | Brevundimonas | ||
>10.2 μm | Aeromonas | Massilia | ||
Remote | 0.39 to 0.69 μm | Brevundimonas | <LOD | Bacillus |
>0.69 to 1.3 μm | Aeromonas | Brevundimonas | ||
>1.3 to 2.1 μm | Sphingobium | Brevundimonas | Bacillus, Paenibacillus | |
>2.1 to 4.2 μm | Sphingobium | Brevundimonas | ||
>4.2 to 10.2 μm | Sphingobium | Sphingobium | ||
>10.2 μm | Brevundimonas | Brevundimonas | ||
NGS: next generation sequencing |
Size Fractions | NGS | NGS | Microscopic | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | 0.39 to 0.69 μm | Alternaria | Bionectria | Fusarium cocciciocola |
>0.69 to 1.3 μm | Cryptococcus | Bionectria | ||
>1.3 to 2.1 μm | Cryptococcus | <LOD | Aspergillus brasilensis | |
>2.1 to 4.2 μm | Cryptococcus | <LOD | ||
>4.2 to 10.2 μm | Cryptococcus | <LOD | ||
>10.2 μm | Aspergillus | <LOD | ||
Remote | 0.39 to 0.69 μm | Alternaria | Alternaria | Fusarium cocciciocola |
>0.69 to 1.3 μm | Cryptococcus | Alternaria | ||
>1.3 to 2.1 μm | Schizophylum | Aspergillus | Aspergillus brasilensis | |
>2.1 to 4.2 μm | Alternaria | Aspergillus | ||
>4.2 to 10.2 μm | Aspergillus | Aspergillus | ||
>10.2 μm | Cryptococcus | Aspergillus | ||
NGS: Next-generation sequencing |
Size Fraction | Viruses | Method | References |
---|---|---|---|
<0.22 μm | Enterovirus, Rhinovirus, Flu A, Para Influenza 4, CoV-HKU1, CoV-OC43 | RT-PCR | [70] |
>0.22 μm | Adenovirus, Enterovirus, Rhinovirus, Flu A, Flu B, Para Influenza 4, CoV-OC43, SARS-CoV2 | RT-PCR | |
Whole fraction | Rhinovirus | RT-PCR | [174,177,180] |
<0.22 μm | Human bocavirus 1, HAdV-C1, HAdV-C2, HAdV-B3, HAdV-E4, HAdV-C5, HAdV-B7, HAdV-B21, H1N1, SARS CoV2 | CRVP sequencing | [182] |
> 0.22 μm | Human bocavirus 1, HAdV-C1, HAdV-C2, HAdV-B3, HAdV-E4, HAdV-C5, HAdV-B7, HAdV-B21, H1N1, SARS CoV2 | CRVP sequencing |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Uddin, S.; Habibi, N.; Fowler, S.W.; Behbehani, M.; Gevao, B.; Faizuddin, M.; Gorgun, A.U. Aerosols as Vectors for Contaminants: A Perspective Based on Outdoor Aerosol Data from Kuwait. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030470
Uddin S, Habibi N, Fowler SW, Behbehani M, Gevao B, Faizuddin M, Gorgun AU. Aerosols as Vectors for Contaminants: A Perspective Based on Outdoor Aerosol Data from Kuwait. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(3):470. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030470
Chicago/Turabian StyleUddin, Saif, Nazima Habibi, Scott W. Fowler, Montaha Behbehani, Bondi Gevao, Mohammad Faizuddin, and Aysun Ugur Gorgun. 2023. "Aerosols as Vectors for Contaminants: A Perspective Based on Outdoor Aerosol Data from Kuwait" Atmosphere 14, no. 3: 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030470