Investigation of Spatiotemporal Variation and Drivers of Aerosol Optical Depth in China from 2010 to 2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Description and Processing
2.2.1. MERRA-2 AOD Data
2.2.2. AREONET AOD Data
2.2.3. Socioeconomic Data
2.2.4. Meteorological Data
2.2.5. Vegetation Continuous Fields Data
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. Mann–Kendall (M–K) Test
2.3.2. Trend Sustainability
2.3.3. Coefficient of Variation
2.3.4. Granger Causality Test
2.3.5. Sensitivity and Contribution Rates
3. Results
3.1. Data Validation
3.2. Seasonal and Annual Mean AOD
3.3. Temporal Trend of AOD
3.4. Analysis of Driving Factors
3.4.1. Socioeconomic Factors
3.4.2. Meteorological Factors
3.4.3. Vegetation Continuous Fields Factor
4. Discussion
4.1. Environmental Impact of AOD
4.2. Spatial and Temporal Evolutionary Characteristics of AOD
4.3. Driving Mechanism of AOD by Region
4.4. Limitation and Further Efforts
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Region | Administrative District |
---|---|
Bei**g-Tian**-Hebei (BTH) | Bei**g city, Tian** city, Hebei Province |
Fenway Plain (FWP) | Shanxi Province, Shaanxi Province and Henan Provinces |
Yangtze River Delta (YRD) | Shanghai city, Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province, Anhui Province |
Guangdong province (GD) | Guangdong Province |
Northeast (NE) | Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, Liaoning Province |
Central China (CC) | Hunan Province, Hubei Province, Jiangxi Province |
Southwest (SW) | Yunnan Province, Sichuan Province, Guizhou Province, Chongqing city |
Northwest (NW) | Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Province, **njiang Province |
NE | FWP | CC | BTH | NW | SW | YRD | GD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | −1.713 | −3.425 | −2.958 | −2.335 | −0.467 | −2.491 | −3.270 | −1.090 * |
Summer | −2.491 | −3.425 | −2.803 | −3.270 | −0.467 | −3.114 | −2.335 | −2.335 * |
Autumn | −2.335 | −1.713 | −2.647 | −2.491 | 1.246 * | −2.647 | −2.335 | −2.491 |
Winter | −2.024 | −2.180 | −1.401 | −1.713 | −2.024 | −1.401 | −2.024 | −2.803 |
Annual | −2.491 | −3.425 | −2.647 | −3.581 | −0.934 | −3.114 | −3.270 | −2.803 |
GDPPC | IOPSK | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GCT | SR | CR/% | GCT | SR | CR/% | |
NE | / | −0.083 | −2.0 | / | −0.202 | −3.573 |
NW | / | 0.012 | 0.979 | / | −0.030 | −3.394 |
SW | / | −0.269 | −26.398 | √ | −0.223 | −20.999 |
YRD | / | −0.431 | −36.907 | / | −0.439 | −22.623 |
FWP | / | −0.591 | −24.408 | / | −0.325 | −28.175 |
CC | / | −0.358 | −34.187 | / | −0.329 | −22.270 |
BTH | √ | −0.378 | −26.156 | / | −0.503 | −33.358 |
GD | / | −0.436 | −31.280 | / | −0.316 | −28.924 |
CGT | SR | CR/% | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEM | RHU | WIN | TEM | RHU | WIN | TEM | RHU | WIN | |
NE | / | / | / | 0.096 | 0.259 | 0.361 | 7.04 | −1.7932 | 6.273 |
NW | / | / | √ | 0.177 | −1.372 | 1.376 | 6.214 | −4.723 | 7.421 |
SW | / | / | √ | −0.324 | −2.681 | 1.209 | −5.434 | −12.221 | 15.593 |
YRD | / | √ | / | −0.09 | −0.692 | 0.795 | −2.580 | −4.759 | −5.659 |
FWP | / | √ | / | 0.092 | 0.228 | −0.307 | 1.439 | 0.364 | −3.832 |
CC | √ | √ | √ | −0.371 | −1.677 | −1.297 | −8.378 | −10.936 | −13.079 |
BTH | / | / | √ | 0.285 | 1.078 | −0.492 | 4.662 | −3.802 | 0.949 |
GD | √ | √ | / | −0.481 | 0.532 | −0.618 | −5.484 | 3.126 | −2.474 |
GCT | SR | CR/% | |
---|---|---|---|
NE | √ | −0.946 | −10.88 |
NW | / | 0.134 | 2.31 |
SW | √ | −1.523 | −20.93 |
YRD | / | 1.080 | −4.76 |
FWP | / | 0.226 | 1.63 |
CC | √ | −1.047 | −11.1 |
BTH | √ | 0.171 | −0.74 |
GD | √ | −0.999 | −24.74 |
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Share and Cite
Wang, Y.; Yang, L.; **e, D.; Hu, Y.; Cao, D.; Huang, H.; Zhao, D. Investigation of Spatiotemporal Variation and Drivers of Aerosol Optical Depth in China from 2010 to 2020. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 477. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030477
Wang Y, Yang L, **e D, Hu Y, Cao D, Huang H, Zhao D. Investigation of Spatiotemporal Variation and Drivers of Aerosol Optical Depth in China from 2010 to 2020. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(3):477. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030477
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yiting, Lixiang Yang, Donghui **e, Yuhao Hu, Di Cao, Haiyang Huang, and Dan Zhao. 2023. "Investigation of Spatiotemporal Variation and Drivers of Aerosol Optical Depth in China from 2010 to 2020" Atmosphere 14, no. 3: 477. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030477