Analyzing Temporal Trends of Urban Evaporation Using Generalized Additive Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methodology
2.2.1. Non-Stationarity Process Analysis
2.2.2. Generalized Additive Models (GAMs)
- GAM for cobble-stones
- GAM for concrete slabs
- GAM for the difference in evaporation between cobble-stones and concrete slabs
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analyses of the Evaporation and Its Drivers
3.2. Temporal Trends, Variability, and Interactions between Evaporation and Its Environmental Drivers
3.3. Generalized Additive Model
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Accumulation of Precipitation over 10 h | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | 5 h | 6 h | 7 h | 8 h | 9 h | 10 h | |
Evaporation from cobble stone | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.43 |
Evaporation from concrete slabs | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.28 |
Cobble-Stones | Concrete Slabs | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precipitation mm | Infiltration mm (%) | Runoff mm (%) | Evaporation mm (%) | Precipitatoin mm | Infiltration mm (%) | Runoff mm (%) | Evaporation mm (%) | |
Annual | 414.51 | 257.07 (62.2) | 10.74 (2.5) | 156.82 (34.5) | 422.72 | 261.88 (61.9) | 74.8 (17.6) | 93.92 (22.21) |
Summer | 192.29 | 79.89 (42.54) | 7.58 (3.9) | 112.07 (58.28) | 193.01 | 90.03 (46.64) | 52.21 (27.03) | 51.18 (26.5) |
Winter | 222.22 | 177.18 (79) | 3.16 (1.4) | 44.75 (20.13) | 229.71 | 171.45 (74.63) | 22.59 (9.83) | 42.74 (18.6) |
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Aljoumani, B.; Sanchez-Espigares, J.A.; Kluge, B.; Wessolek, G.; Kleinschmit, B. Analyzing Temporal Trends of Urban Evaporation Using Generalized Additive Models. Land 2022, 11, 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11040508
Aljoumani B, Sanchez-Espigares JA, Kluge B, Wessolek G, Kleinschmit B. Analyzing Temporal Trends of Urban Evaporation Using Generalized Additive Models. Land. 2022; 11(4):508. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11040508
Chicago/Turabian StyleAljoumani, Basem, Jose A. Sanchez-Espigares, Björn Kluge, Gerd Wessolek, and Birgit Kleinschmit. 2022. "Analyzing Temporal Trends of Urban Evaporation Using Generalized Additive Models" Land 11, no. 4: 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11040508