Influencing Factors, Risk Assessment, and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Purple Soil in the Eastern Region of Guang’an City, Sichuan Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sample Collection
2.2. Sample Preparation and Analysis
2.3. Data Processing Methods
2.3.1. Enrichment Factor
2.3.2. Pollution Load Index
2.3.3. Potential Ecological Risks
2.3.4. APCS-MLR Model for Source Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical Properties of the Purple Soil
3.2. The Contents of Heavy Metals and Correlation Analysis
3.3. Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contamination in the Purple Soil
3.3.1. Evaluation of EF
3.3.2. Evaluation of PLI
3.3.3. Evaluation Results of Potential Ecological Risk
3.4. Heavy Metal Source Analysis
3.4.1. PCA Analysis
3.4.2. APCS-MLR Source Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EF | Pollution Level | CF, PLI | Pollution Level | Pollution Level | IRI | Pollution Level | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1 | Uncontaminated | <1 | Uncontaminated | <40 | Low | <150 | Low |
1~2 | Light | 1~2 | Moderate | 40~80 | Moderate | 150~300 | Moderate |
2~5 | Moderate | 2~3 | Heavy | 80~160 | Considerable | 300~600 | High |
5~20 | Heavy | >3 | Extreme contaminated | 160~320 | High | >600 | Very high |
20~40 | Severe | - | - | >320 | Very high | - | - |
>40 | Very heavy | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Parameters | Sand | Silt | Clay | pH | Al2O3 | TFe2O3 | As | Cd | Cr | Ni | Cu | Hg | Pb | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A horizon | Min | 18.8 | 9.3 | 3.3 | 4.29 | 13.6 | 2.6 | 1.61 | 0.06 | 39.0 | 12.0 | 5.0 | 0.016 | 15.4 | 25.6 |
Max | 83.6 | 46.8 | 40.1 | 7.84 | 21.2 | 7.7 | 8.53 | 0.35 | 91.2 | 49.1 | 33.5 | 0.082 | 37.6 | 99.2 | |
Avg | 47.4 | 29.9 | 22.7 | 5.95 | 15.9 | 5.2 | 4.45 | 0.17 | 65.1 | 29.4 | 22.7 | 0.042 | 25.5 | 76.1 | |
SD | 16.0 | 9.6 | 7.6 | 0.92 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.70 | 0.08 | 11.1 | 7.3 | 6.3 | 0.017 | 4.4 | 16.3 | |
CV | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.17 | 0.21 | |
C horizon | Min | 25.3 | 8.5 | 4.8 | 4.86 | 13.4 | 1.8 | 0.97 | 0.05 | 37.9 | 14.2 | 6.3 | 0.006 | 17.5 | 25.7 |
Max | 86.2 | 47.9 | 34.3 | 7.59 | 21.0 | 9.0 | 13.10 | 1.38 | 98.9 | 50.5 | 40.0 | 0.178 | 39.4 | 95.4 | |
Avg | 57.3 | 26.4 | 16.3 | 6.03 | 16.3 | 5.1 | 3.68 | 0.16 | 64.8 | 30.0 | 21.7 | 0.029 | 24.6 | 73.3 | |
SD | 18.5 | 11.4 | 8.6 | 0.80 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.58 | 0.24 | 14.5 | 8.7 | 7.8 | 0.032 | 5.1 | 20.0 | |
CV | 0.32 | 0.43 | 0.52 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.70 | 1.57 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.36 | 1.11 | 0.21 | 0.27 | |
R horizon | Min | - | - | - | - | 11.0 | 2.8 | 1.33 | 0.05 | 54.8 | 23.4 | 17.3 | 0.013 | 16.6 | 62.4 |
Max | - | - | - | - | 17.7 | 7.7 | 16.20 | 0.17 | 88.8 | 59.0 | 55.5 | 0.076 | 38.5 | 107.0 | |
Avg | - | - | - | - | 15.5 | 5.9 | 5.31 | 0.12 | 70.9 | 37.9 | 30.4 | 0.026 | 25.0 | 91.3 | |
SD | - | - | - | - | 1.7 | 1.4 | 4.44 | 0.04 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 10.0 | 0.017 | 5.9 | 14.6 | |
CV | - | - | - | - | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.84 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.33 | 0.66 | 0.24 | 0.16 | |
Background values of the Chinese purple soil [31] | - | - | - | - | 13.8 | 4.9 | 8.4 | 0.0752 | 60.6 | 28.1 | 24.6 | 0.0326 | 25.8 | 77.5 | |
Continental crustal background [56] | - | - | - | - | 28.8 | 4.3 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 126 | 56 | 25 | 0.04 | 14.8 | 65 |
Genetic Horizons | Pollution Load Index | Potential Ecological Risk Index | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CFAs | CFCd | CFCr | CFNi | CFCu | CFHg | CFPb | CFZn | PLI | Cr | IRI | |||||||||
A horizon | Min | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 2 | 23 | 3 | 2 | 0.4 | 20 | 3 | 0.3 | 71 |
Max | 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 139 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 101 | 7 | 1 | 249 | |
Avg | 0.5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1 | 5 | 69 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 51 | 5 | 1 | 143 | |
C horizon | Min | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1 | 19 | 3 | 3 | 0.5 | 7 | 3 | 0.3 | 57 |
Max | 2 | 18 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 16 | 551 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 218 | 8 | 1 | 809 | |
Avg | 0.4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 4 | 62 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 35 | 5 | 1 | 120 |
Heavy Metals | Ni | Cu | Zn | Cr | Pb | As | Hg | Cd | Eigenvalues | Variance (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 | 0.947 | 0.944 | 0.917 | 0.767 | 0.639 | 0.611 | −0.143 | 0.158 | 4.308 | 50.53 |
PC2 | −0.091 | −0.049 | 0.032 | 0.300 | 0.439 | 0.540 | 0.923 | 0.886 | 1.955 | 27.77 |
Heavy Metals | As | Cd | Hg | Pb | Cr | Ni | Cu | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A horizon | PC1 contribution (%) | 81.1 | 41.4 | 22.0 | 38.8 | 49.1 | 69.5 | 76.7 | 66.6 |
PC2 contribution (%) | 18.8 | 50.3 | 57.8 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 6.0 | 5.3 | 3.7 | |
Unexplained variability (%) | 0.1 | 8.3 | 20.2 | 59.6 | 48.0 | 24.5 | 18.0 | 29.7 | |
Measured mean (mg/kg) | 4.45 | 0.17 | 0.042 | 25.5 | 65.1 | 29.4 | 22.7 | 76.1 | |
Predicted mean (mg/kg) | 4.45 | 0.17 | 0.030 | 25.5 | 65.1 | 29.4 | 22.7 | 76.1 | |
R2 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.76 | 0.43 | 0.73 | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.86 | |
C horizon | PC1 contribution (%) | 59.0 | 20.1 | 14.1 | 36.5 | 42.2 | 85.4 | 91.7 | 79.1 |
PC2 contribution (%) | 20.1 | 64.0 | 44.2 | 8.6 | 7.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.4 | |
Unexplained variability (%) | 20.8 | 15.8 | 41.7 | 54.9 | 50.0 | 12.9 | 6.5 | 18.5 | |
Measured mean (mg/kg) | 3.68 | 0.16 | 0.029 | 24.6 | 64.8 | 30.0 | 21.7 | 73.3 | |
Predicted mean (mg/kg) | 3.67 | 0.16 | 0.031 | 24.6 | 64.8 | 30.0 | 21.7 | 73.3 | |
R2 | 0.81 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.73 | 0.65 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.88 |
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Shao, Y.; Chen, W.; Li, J.; Yan, B.; He, H.; Zhang, Y. Influencing Factors, Risk Assessment, and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Purple Soil in the Eastern Region of Guang’an City, Sichuan Province, China. Minerals 2024, 14, 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050495
Shao Y, Chen W, Li J, Yan B, He H, Zhang Y. Influencing Factors, Risk Assessment, and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Purple Soil in the Eastern Region of Guang’an City, Sichuan Province, China. Minerals. 2024; 14(5):495. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050495
Chicago/Turabian StyleShao, Yuxiang, Wenbin Chen, Jian Li, Buqing Yan, Haiyun He, and Yunshan Zhang. 2024. "Influencing Factors, Risk Assessment, and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Purple Soil in the Eastern Region of Guang’an City, Sichuan Province, China" Minerals 14, no. 5: 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050495