A Review of the Nucleic Acid-Based Lateral Flow Assay for Detection of Breast Cancer from Circulating Biomarkers at a Point-of-Care in Low Income Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Breast Cancer in Africa
3. Breast Cancer Symptoms and Diagnosis
3.1. Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes
3.2. Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
4. Nucleic Acids in Breast Cancer Diagnosis
4.1. Circulating Biomarkers for Breast Cancer Diagnosis
4.2. PCR-Based Diagnostic Methods for Detection of Nucleic Acids
5. NABLFA for Rapid Diagnostics
5.1. NABLFA
5.2. NABLFA in Cancer Diagnosis
5.3. NABLFA in Breast Cancer Diagnosis
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Low-Risk Genes | Moderate Risk Genes | High-Risk Genes |
---|---|---|
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 | CHEK2 | BRCA1 |
TOX high mobility group box family member 3 | Partner and localizer of BRCA (PALB) 2 | BRCA2 |
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 | BRCA1 Interacting Protein 1 | PTEN |
FAM84B/C-MYC | ATM | TP53 |
lymphocyte-specific protein 1 | STK11 | |
NIMA Related Kinase 10 | CDHI | |
Cytochrome c oxidase 11 | ||
CASP8(D302H) | ||
TNP/IGFBP5/IGFBP2/TNSI | ||
Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2/Fc gamma receptor Ib | ||
RAD5ILI | ||
mitochondrial ribosomal protein S30/FcgammaRI | ||
Estrogen receptor I |
Technique | Advantage | Disadvantage | * Cost Per Consultation (ZAR) |
---|---|---|---|
Biopsy | The results provide all the characteristics of the cancer cells. | Require surgery to get a sample women who may not have breast cancer will have the surgery just to clear them. | R11,000–R26,000 |
Endoscopy | More details about the cancer cells (colour, texture). Short operation time Can see cancer in hidden areas. | Requires surgery and may leave a scar. | R1000–R4000 |
Diagnostic Imaging (CAT, X-rays, MRI) | Screening of high-risk woman gives more information about suspicious area. Detect the spreading of cancer to other parts of the body and Monitor reoccurrence after treatment. | A contrast solution (dye) is intravenously injected into your arm. This dye can affect your kidneys, a test for kidneys must be performed before it’s injected. The procedure is invasive and requires too many tests. | R6000–R12,000 |
Breast self-exam | Detect tumour at an early stage. | Validation must be followed-up with molecular tests. | Free |
Method | Advantage | Disadvantage | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Microarrays | Analysis of thousands of genes in a single test to create molecular tumour profiles | Require long hybridisation times Prolonged wash steps that can take up to 24 h | [84] |
RT-PCR | DNA amplification increases sensitivity Test multiple samples simultaneously | Requires a series of temperature changes Tedious sample preparation Equipment | [85] |
Nano pore sensor | Label-free. Small sample size Amplification free Distinguish single-nucleotide differences | No reproducibility or adaptability of biological system | [86] |
Micro-fluid devices | Rapid purification of nucleic acids | Challenging to integrate blood pre-treatment steps | [87] |
A three-mode electrochemical sensor (HPD-SENS) | Detect low concentrations of miRNA 10 aM to 1 mM range Multiple miRNAs on a single electrode. Exhibits high selectivity and specificity. | Detection of low of copy number of sample of DNA/RNA in samples for early onset of a disease | [88] |
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Dyan, B.; Seele, P.P.; Skepu, A.; Mdluli, P.S.; Mosebi, S.; Sibuyi, N.R.S. A Review of the Nucleic Acid-Based Lateral Flow Assay for Detection of Breast Cancer from Circulating Biomarkers at a Point-of-Care in Low Income Countries. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 1973. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12081973
Dyan B, Seele PP, Skepu A, Mdluli PS, Mosebi S, Sibuyi NRS. A Review of the Nucleic Acid-Based Lateral Flow Assay for Detection of Breast Cancer from Circulating Biomarkers at a Point-of-Care in Low Income Countries. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(8):1973. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12081973
Chicago/Turabian StyleDyan, Busiswa, Palesa Pamela Seele, Amanda Skepu, Phumlane Selby Mdluli, Salerwe Mosebi, and Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi. 2022. "A Review of the Nucleic Acid-Based Lateral Flow Assay for Detection of Breast Cancer from Circulating Biomarkers at a Point-of-Care in Low Income Countries" Diagnostics 12, no. 8: 1973. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12081973