Homocysteine as a Predictor of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation-Related Events: A Sco** Review of the Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Non-Clinical Data
3.2. Oxidative Stress, Cardiac Fibrosis, and Remodeling
3.3. Electrical Remodeling
4. Clinical Data
4.1. Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, Thrombosis, and Remodeling
4.2. Electrical Remodeling
4.3. Relation to Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Other Biomarkers
4.4. Adrenergic Effect
5. Discussion
6. Future Research
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Number of Participants | Results |
---|---|---|
Kubota et al., 2019 [11] | 7133 patients from Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) |
|
Marcucci et al., 2004 [12] | 310 NVAF patients on oral anticoagulant treatment (168 patients with previous ischemic events and 142 without) and 310 controls |
|
Nasso et al., 2013 [13] | 104 patients after minimally invasive epicardial ablation |
|
Naji et al., 2010 [14] | 83 patients with persistent AF after successful electrical cardioversion |
|
Shi et al., 2016 [15] | 132 patients with both hypertension and AF (78 with paroxysmal AF and 84 with persistent AF) and 136 hypertensive patients |
|
Shimano et al., 2008 [16] | 62 paroxysmal or persistent AF patients undergoing RFCA |
|
Schnabel et al., 2010 [17] | 3120 Framingham cohort participants |
|
Cingozbay et al., 2002 [18] | 38 patients with non-valvular AF divided into two groups: group A (patients with AF and stroke) and group B (AF without stroke) plus a reference group of 15 patients |
|
Yao et al., 2017 [19] | 257 consecutive patients with persistent AF who underwent catheter ablation |
|
Yao et al., 2017 [20] | Review |
|
Giusti et al., 2007 [21] | 456 NVAF patients and 912 matched controls |
|
Svenningsson et al., 2020 [22] | 3535 patients with no history of AF |
|
META-ANALYSES | ||
Rong et al., 2020 [23] | 11 studies with 3974 patients |
|
Dong et al., 2021 [24] | 5 studies with 13,556 patients |
|
Reference | Model | Potential Mechanism |
---|---|---|
Bayrak et al., 2021 [25] | Copenhagen rats | Oxidative Stress |
Borkowska et al., 2021 [26] | HUVEC and SH-SY5Y cells | Oxidative Stress |
Cheng et al., 2021 [27] | C57BL/6 mouse aortae ex vivo | Oxidative Stress |
Guo et al., 2021 [28] | 24 studies assessed | Oxidative Stress |
Sharma et al., 2021 [29] | several proteins and enzymes. | Oxidative Stress |
Boyacioglu et al., 2014 [30] | Wistar rats | Oxidative Stress |
Aminzadeh et al., 2018 [31] | H9C2 myocardial cells | Oxidative Stress |
Derouiche et al., 2014 [32] | Male Wistar rats (Pasteur Institute-Algiers) | Oxidative Stress |
Aissa et al., 2017 [33] | Mice | Oxidative Stress |
Dittoe et al., 2011 [34] | Rat neonatal cardiomyoblasts (H9c2 cells) | Oxidative Stress |
Kolling et al., 2011 [35] | Hearts of young rats | Oxidative Stress |
Devi et al., 2006 [36] | Spontaneously hypertensive rats | Oxidative Stress |
Han et al., 2020 [37] | C57BL/6J mice | Oxidative Stress |
Mendes et al., 2010 [38] | Male Wistar rats | Oxidative Stress |
Singh et al., 2008 [39] | Rats | Oxidative Stress |
Stojanovic et al., 2016 [40] | Isolated rat hearts | Oxidative Stress |
Timkova et al., 2016 [41] | Rats | Oxidative Stress |
Yalçinkaya-Demirsözm et al., 2009 [42] | Rabbits | Oxidative Stress |
Chang et al., 2004 [43] | Rat myocardial mitochondria | Oxidative Stress and Taurine |
Chang et al., 2004 [44] | Rat isolated myocardial mitochondria | Oxidative Stress and Taurine |
Chang et al., 2008 [45] | Rats | Oxidative Stress and H2S |
Wang et al., 2015 [46] | Rats | Oxidative Stress and H2S |
Givvimani et al., 2011 [47] | Mouse cardiac endothelial cells | Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis |
Joseph et al., 2008 [48] | Rat model | Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis |
Li et al., 2017 [49] | Six-week-old C57BL6/J mice | Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis |
Tyagi et al., 2005 [50] | Mice | Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis |
Shi et al., 2021 [51] | 2–3 days old Wistar rats | Fibrosis |
Zhao et al., 2021 [52] | C57BL/6 mice with a high L-methionine (L-MET) diet for 12 weeks | Fibrosis |
Carroll et al., 2005 [53] | Rabbit model | Fibrosis |
Zulli et al., 2006 [54] | Rabbits | Fibrosis |
Han et al., 2020 [55] | Left atrial appendage from patients with either sinus rhythm (SR) or AF | Fibrosis |
Zhi et al., 2013 [56] | Mice | Fibrosis |
Zhang et al., 2016 [57] | Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE −/−) mice and neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) | Fibrosis |
Muthuramu et al., 2015 [58] | Female C57BL/6 low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr (−/−)) cystathionine-β-synthase (Cbs (+/−)) mice | Fibrosis |
Wang et al., 2016 [59] | Cardiocytes H9C2 | Fibrosis |
Chaouad et al., 2019 [60] | Sand rat Psammomys obesus | Fibrosis and Remodeling |
Joseph et al., 2005 [61] | Mast cell-deficient rat model | Fibrosis, Remodeling and Diastolic Dysfunction |
Joseph et al., 2004 [62] | Hypertensive rats | Fibrosis, Remodeling and Diastolic Dysfunction |
Cao et al., 2021 [63] | Hypertensive rats | Fibrosis and Diastolic Dysfunction |
Li et al., 2021 [64] | Mouse CFs | Fibrosis and Diastolic Dysfunction |
Cao et al., 2021 [63] | Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneous hypertension rats (SHR) | Remodeling |
Chaturvedi et al., 2014 [65] | HL-1 cardiomyocytes and mouse models (CBS+/−) | Remodeling |
Herrmann et al., 2007 [66] | Rats | Remodeling |
Jeremic et al., 2018 [67] | Adult male Wistar albino rats | Remodeling |
Kar et al., 2019 [68] | Male CBS(+/−) and sibling CBS(+/+) (WT) mice | Remodeling |
Raaf et al., 2011 [69] | Rats | Remodeling |
Mishra et al., 2009 [70] | HL-1 cardiomyocytes | Remodeling |
Rosenberger et al., 2011 [71] | male C57/BL6J mice | Remodeling |
Li et al., 2021 [64] | Male C57BL/6J mice | Endothelial dysfunction |
Ables et al., 2015 [72] | Μice | ECG |
Cainzos-Achirica et al., 2021 [73] | 1407 participants (61% women) without diabetes or severe hypercholesterolemia | Calcium |
Cheng et al., 2021 [27] | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)-derived EA.hy926 immortalized cells | Calcium |
Cai et al., 2011 [74] | Wistar rat hearts | Calcium |
Shontz et al., 2001 [75] | Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were made in ventricular myocytes isolated from normal rat hearts | Ca2+-independent, transient outward Potassium (K+) current (I(to)) |
Sun et al., 2021 [76] | Residual internal mammary artery (IMA) segments obtained from patients undergoing CABG | Potassium Calcium (K(Ca)) |
Cai et al., 2007 [77] | Human atrial cells | Potassium |
Lopatina et al., 2015 [78] | Chicken embryo cardiac tissue explants | Potassium, Sodium |
Cai et al., 2009 [79] | Human atrial monocytes. | Sodium |
Pacher et al., 1999 [80] | Isolated rat hearts | Sodium |
Soni et al., 2016 [81] | Wild-type mice (WT) | Magnesium |
Han et al., 2020 [82] | Mouse atrial myocytes (MACs) obtained from C57B6 mice. | Electrical Remodeling |
Mishra et al., 2011 [83] | cardiomyocytes obtained from C57BL/6J (WT) and db/db mice. | β2-AR |
Mishra et al., 2010 [84] | 12 week male diabetic Ins2+/− Akita and C57BL/6J mice | β2-AR |
Tasatargil et al., 2006 [85] | Adult male Wistar rats | β2-AR |
Moshal et al., 2009 [86] | Cardiomyocyte-specific knockout of NMDA-R1 | NMDA-R1 |
Moshal et al., 2008 [87] | C57BL/6J mice | NMDA-R1 |
Tyagi et al., 2010 [88] | Cardiac-specific knockout (KO) of NMDA-R1 | NMDA-R1 |
Srejovic et al., 2017 [89] | Hearts of Wistar albino rats | NMDA-R1 |
Busingye et al., 2021 [90] | 600 human population | Inflammation |
Ji et al., 2020 [91] | human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) | Inflammation |
**e et al., 2021 [92] | mice | Inflammation |
Reference | Number of Participants | Results |
---|---|---|
Schnabel et al., 2005 [102] | 643 patients with coronary artery disease |
|
Ay et al., 2003 [103] | 42 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke caused by nonvalvular AF |
|
Loffredo et al., 2005 [104] | 163 consecutive patients with permanent (n = 118) or paroxysmal (n = 45) AF of non-valvular origin hospitalized for cardiac reasons |
|
Sundström et al., 2004 [105] | 2697 Framingham Heart Study participants free of heart failure and previous myocardial infarction | Plasma Hcy was positively related to LV mass, wall thickness, and relative wall thickness in women, but not in men. |
Alter et al., 2010 [106] | 66 individuals with suspected cardiomyopathy |
|
Li et al., 2017 [107] | 7002 healthy individuals |
|
Leng et al., 2015 [108] | 178 healthy individuals |
|
Guéant-Rodriguez et al., 2007 [109] | 515 patients with coronary artery disease and 194 patients without evidence of coronary artery lesion |
|
Guéant-Rodriguez et al., 2013 [110] | 1020 subjects including patients undergoing coronarography and ambulatory elderly subjects |
|
Görmüş et al., 2010 [111] | 31 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus |
|
Cho et al., 2006 [112] | 227 patients with cardiovascular disease |
|
Ye et al., 2014 [113] | 1497 healthy individuals |
|
Alam et al., 2012 [114] | 194 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction |
|
Wang et al., 2022 [115] | 1224 consecutive patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices |
|
Wocial et al., 2002 [116] | 37 patients with mild essential hypertension (EH) and 37 healthy volunteers | Hcy was significantly higher in patients with EH (8.7 +/− 2.4 vs. 6.6 +/− 1.3 μmol/L; p < 0.01). |
Poduri et al., 2008 [117] | 273 patients with essential hypertension (EH) and 103 normotensive controls |
|
Atar et al., 2005 [118] | 120 patients with newly diagnosed hypertension |
|
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Charalampidis, P.; Teperikidis, E.; Boulmpou, A.; Papadopoulos, C.E.; Potoupni, V.; Tsioni, K.; Rakitzi, P.; Karamitsos, T.; Vassilikos, V. Homocysteine as a Predictor of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation-Related Events: A Sco** Review of the Literature. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 2192. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092192
Charalampidis P, Teperikidis E, Boulmpou A, Papadopoulos CE, Potoupni V, Tsioni K, Rakitzi P, Karamitsos T, Vassilikos V. Homocysteine as a Predictor of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation-Related Events: A Sco** Review of the Literature. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(9):2192. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092192
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharalampidis, Panagiotis, Eleftherios Teperikidis, Aristi Boulmpou, Christodoulos E. Papadopoulos, Victoria Potoupni, Konstantina Tsioni, Pantelitsa Rakitzi, Theodoros Karamitsos, and Vassilios Vassilikos. 2022. "Homocysteine as a Predictor of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation-Related Events: A Sco** Review of the Literature" Diagnostics 12, no. 9: 2192. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092192