Noncoding RNAs and Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer: A Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Molecular Genetics of Lung Tumors
3. Noncoding RNAs in Lung Cancer
4. MicroRNAs
5. Long Noncoding RNAs
6. Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer
7. Circulating Noncoding RNAs
8. Detecting EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 in Plasma
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bray, F.; Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Siegel, R.L.; Torre, L.A.; Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2018, 68, 394–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. J. Mol. Biol. 1975, 94, 441–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stratton, M.R.; Campbell, P.J.; Futreal, P.A. The cancer genome. Nature 2009, 458, 719–724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nowell, P.C. The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. Science 1976, 194, 23–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ding, L.; Getz, G.; Wheeler, D.A.; Mardis, E.R.; McLellan, M.D.; Cibulskis, K.; Sougnez, C.; Greulich, H.; Muzny, D.M.; Morgan, M.B.; et al. Somatic mutations affect key pathways in lung adenocarcinoma. Nature 2008, 455, 1069–1075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beroukhim, R.; Mermel, C.H.; Porter, D.; Wei, G.; Raychaudhuri, S.; Donovan, J.; Barretina, J.; Boehm, J.S.; Dobson, J.; Urashima, M.; et al. The landscape of somatic copy-number alteration across human cancers. Nature 2010, 463, 899–905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Behjati, S.; Tarpey, P.S. What is next generation sequencing? Arch. Dis. Child. Educ. Pract. Ed. 2013, 98, 236–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campbell, P.J.; Stephens, P.J.; Pleasance, E.D.; O’Meara, S.; Li, H.; Santarius, T.; Stebbings, L.A.; Leroy, C.; Edkins, S.; Hardy, C.; et al. Identification of somatically acquired rearrangements in cancer using genome-wide massively parallel paired-end sequencing. Nat. Genet. 2008, 40, 722–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berindan-Neagoe, I.; Chiorean, R.; Braicu, C.; Florian, I.S.; Leucuta, D.; Crisan, D.; Cocis, A.; Balacescu, O.; Irimie, A. Quantitative mRNA expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, coagulation and inflammation in multiforme glioblastoma tumoral tissue versus peritumoral brain tissue: Lack of correlation with clinical data. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 2012, 23, 45–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ordway, J.M.; Budiman, M.A.; Korshunova, Y.; Maloney, R.K.; Bedell, J.A.; Citek, R.W.; Bacher, B.; Peterson, S.; Rohlfing, T.; Hall, J.; et al. Identification of novel high-frequency DNA methylation changes in breast cancer. PLoS ONE 2007, 2, e1314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sugarbaker, D.J.; Richards, W.G.; Gordon, G.J.; Dong, L.; Rienzo, A.; Maulik, G.; Glickman, J.N.; Chirieac, L.R.; Hartman, M.L.; Taillon, B.E.; et al. Transcriptome sequencing of malignant pleural mesothelioma tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 3521–3526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Thomas, A.; Liu, S.V.; Subramaniam, D.S.; Giaccone, G. Refining the treatment of NSCLC according to histological and molecular subtypes. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2015, 12, 511–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Anasari, J.; Shackelford, R.E.; El-Osta, H. Epigenetics in non-small cell lung cancer: From basics to therapeutics. Transl. Lung Cancer Res. 2016, 5, 155–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ansari, J.; Yun, J.W.; Kompelli, A.R.; Moufarrej, Y.E.; Alexander, J.S.; Herrera, G.A.; Shackelford, R.E. The liquid biopsy in lung cancer. Genes Cancer 2016, 7, 355–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jamal-Hanjani, M.; Wilson, G.A.; McGranahan, N.; Birkbak, N.J.; Watkins, T.B.K.; Veeriah, S.; Shafi, S.; Johnson, D.H.; Mitter, R.; Rosenthal, R.; et al. Tracking the Evolution of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2017, 376, 2109–2121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mok, T.S.; Wu, Y.L.; Thongprasert, S.; Yang, C.H.; Chu, D.T.; Saijo, N.; Sunpaweravong, P.; Han, B.; Margono, B.; Ichinose, Y.; et al. Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 361, 947–957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, E.S.; Hirsh, V.; Mok, T.; Socinski, M.A.; Gervais, R.; Wu, Y.L.; Li, L.Y.; Watkins, C.L.; Sellers, M.V.; Lowe, E.S.; et al. Gefitinib versus docetaxel in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (INTEREST): A randomized phase III trial. Lancet 2008, 372, 1809–1818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mandel, P.; Metais, P. Les acides nucléiques du plasma sanguin chez l’homme. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fil. 1948, 142, 241–243. [Google Scholar]
- Chan, K.C.; Jiang, P.; Zheng, Y.W.; Liao, G.J.; Sun, H.; Wong, J.; Siu, S.S.; Chan, W.C.; Chan, S.L.; Chan, A.T.; et al. Cancer genome scanning in plasma: Detection of tumor-associated copy number aberrations; single-nucleotide variants; and tumoral heterogeneity by massively parallel sequencing. Clin. Chem. 2013, 59, 211–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kotton, D.N.; Morrisey, E.E. Lung regeneration: Mechanisms; applications and emerging stem cell populations. Nat. Med. 2014, 20, 822–832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hanna, J.M.; Onaitis, M.W. Cell of origin of lung cancer. J. Carcinog. 2013, 12, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yeh, S.J.; Chang, C.A.; Li, C.W.; Wang, L.H.; Chen, B.S. Comparing progression molecular mechanisms between lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma based on genetic and epigenetic networks: Big data mining and genomewide systems identification. Oncotarget 2019, 10, 3760–3806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Park, K.S.; Liang, M.C.; Raiser, D.M.; Zamponi, R.; Roach, R.R.; Curtis, S.J. Characterization of the cell of origin for small cell lung cancer. Cell Cycle 2011, 10, 2806–2815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Park, K.; Tan, E.H.; O’Byrne, K.; Zhang, L.; Boyer, M.; Mok, T.; Hirsh, V.; Yang, J.C.; Lee, K.H.; Lu, S.; et al. Afatinib versus gefitinib as first-line treatment of patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (LUX-Lung 7): A phase 2B; open-label; randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016, 17, 577–589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, W.Z.; Wang, Q.; Mao, W.M.; Xu, S.T.; Wu, L.; Shen, Y.; Liu, Y.Y.; Chen, C.; Cheng, Y.; Xu, L.; et al. Gefitinib versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin as adjuvant treatment for stage II-IIIA (N1-N2) EGFR-mutant NSCLC (ADJUVANT/CTONG1104): A randomised; open-label; phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2018, 19, 139–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoshino, I.; Osoegawa, A.; Yohena, T.; Kameyama, T.; Oki, E.; Oda, S.; Maehara, Y. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in non-small cell lung cancer: Difference between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Respir. Med. 2005, 99, 308–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fong, M.K.; Daniels, M.; Goh, F.; Yang, I.A.; Bowman, R. The Current and Future Role of Genomics; Bals, R., Ed.; Lung cancer. ERS Monogr: Gosport, UK, 2015; pp. 68–80. [Google Scholar]
- Gerber, D.E.; Paik, P.K.; Dowlati, A. Beyond adenocarcinoma: Current treatments and future directions for squamous; small cell; and rare lung cancer histologies. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book 2015, 147–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shackelford, R.E.; Vora, M.; Mayhall, K.; Cotelingam, J. ALK-rearrangements and testing methods in non-small cell lung cancer: A review. Genes Cancer 2014, 5, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vanderlaan, P.A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Folch, E.; Boucher, D.H.; Kent, M.S.; Gangadharan, S.P.; Majid, A.; Goldstein, M.A.; Huberman, M.S.; Kocher, O.N.; et al. Success and failure rates of tumor genoty** techniques in routine pathological samples with non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2014, 84, 39–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gerlinger, M.; Rowan, A.J.; Horswell, S.; Larkin, J.; Endesfelder, D.; Gronroos, E.; Martinez, P.; Matthews, N.; Stewart, A.; Tarpey, P.; et al. Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 366, 883–892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Z.; Ramnath, N.; Nagrath, S. Current Status of CTCs as Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer and Future Directions. Front. Oncol. 2015, 5, 209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McAllister, S.S.; Weinberg, R.A. The tumour-induced systemic environment as a critical regulator of cancer progression and metastasis. Nat. Cell Biol. 2014, 16, 717–727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, X.Q.; Stroun, M.; Magnenat, J.L.; Nicod, L.P.; Kurt, A.M.; Lyautey, J.; Lederrey, C.; Anker, P. Microsatellite alterations in plasma DNA of small cell lung cancer patients. Nat. Med. 1996, 2, 1033–1035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mantovani, A.; Allavena, P.; Sica, A.; Balkwill, F. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 2008, 454, 436–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tang, X.; Liu, D.; Shishodia, S.; Ozburn, N.; Behrens, C.; Lee, J.J.; Hong, W.K.; Aggarwal, B.B.; Wistuba, I.I. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is frequently expressed in lung cancer and preneoplastic lesions. Cancer 2006, 107, 2637–2646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saxon, J.A.; Yu, H.; Polosukhin, V.V.; Stathopoulos, G.T.; Gleaves, L.A.; McLoed, A.G.; Massion, P.P.; Yull, F.E.; Zhao, Z.; Blackwell, T.S. p52 expression enhances lung cancer progression. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 6078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, X.; Gray, Z.; Willette-Brown, J.; Zhu, F.; Shi, G.; Jiang, Q.; Song, N.Y.; Dong, L.; Hu, Y. Macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase circulates inflammation and promotes lung carcinogenesis. Cell Death Dis. 2018, 4, 46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, J.X.; Rastetter, R.H.; Wilhelm, D. Noncoding RNAs: An Introduction. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2016, 886, 13–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brosnan, C.A.; Voinnet, O. The long and the short of noncoding RNAs. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2009, 21, 416–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braicu, C.; Zimta, A.A.; Harangus, A.; Iurca, I.; Irimie, A.; Coza, O.; Berindan-Neagoe, I. The Function of Noncoding RNAs in Lung Cancer Tumorigenesis. Cancers 2019, 11, 605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Slack, F.J.; Weidhaas, J.B. MicroRNAs as a potential magic bullet in cancer. Future Oncol. 2006, 2, 73–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Berindan-Neagoe, I.; Monroig, P.C.; Pasculli, B.; Calin, G.A. MicroRNAome Genome: A Treasure for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2014, 64, 311–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hanahan, D.; Weinberg, R.A. Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell 2011, 144, 646–674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brambilla, E.; Gazdar, A. Pathogenesis of lung cancer signalling pathways: Roadmap for therapies. Eur. Respir. J. 2009, 33, 1485–1497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, L.W.; Wang, F.F.; Cho, W.C. Genomic sequence analysis of EGFR regulation by microRNAs in lung cancer. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2012, 12, 920–926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, C.; Zhang, W.; Shi, X.; Zheng, J.; **, X.; Huo, J. MiR-760 suppresses non-small cell lung cancer proliferation and metastasis by targeting ROS1. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2018, 25, 18385–18391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vishwamitra, D.; Li, Y.; Wilson, D.; Manshouri, R.; Curry, C.V.; Shi, B.; Tang, X.M.; Sheehan, A.M.; Wistuba, I.I.; Shi, P.; et al. MicroRNA 96 is a post-transcriptional suppressor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase expression. Am. J. Pathol. 2012, 180, 1772–1780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- He, X.Y.; Chen, J.X.; Zhang, Z.; Li, C.L.; Peng, Q.L.; Peng, H.M. The let-7a microRNA protects from growth of lung carcinoma by suppression of k-Ras and c-Myc in nude mice. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 136, 1023–1028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seviour, E.G.; Sehgal, V.; Mishra, D.; Rupaimoole, R.; Rodriguez-Aguayo, C.; Lopez-Berestein, G.; Lee, J.S.; Sood, A.K.; Kim, M.P.; Mills, G.B.; et al. Targeting KRas-dependent tumour growth; circulating tumour cells and metastasis in vivo by clinically significant miR-193a-3p. Oncogene 2017, 36, 1339–135031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Qiu, X.; Wang, D.; Li, Y.; Zhang, B.; Li, Y.; Zhang, B.; Yuan, T.; Wei, J.; Zhao, B.; Zhao, X.; et al. MiR-181a-5p inhibits cell proliferation and migration by targeting Kras in non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. 2015, 47, 630–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- ** in lung cancer: Ready for clinical utility? Oncotarget 2017, 8, 18590–18608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Thakur, B.K.; Zhang, H.; Becker, A.; Matei, I.; Huang, Y.; Costa- Silva, B.; Zheng, Y.; Hoshino, A.; Brazier, H.; ** for the detection of EGFR and KRAS mutations in advanced lung cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2016, 2, 1014–1022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marchetti, A.; Palma, J.F.; Felicioni, L.; De Pas, T.M.; Chiari, R.; Del Grammastro, M.; Filice, G.; Ludovini, V.; Brandes, A.A.; Chella, A.; et al. Early prediction of response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors by quantification of EGFR mutations in plasma of NSCLC patients. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2015, 10, 1437–1443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sorensen, B.S.; Wu, L.; Wei, W.; Tsai, J.; Weber, B.; Nexo, E.; Meldgaard, P. Monitoring of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor-sensitizing and resistance mutations in the plasma DNA of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer during treatment with erlotinib. Cancer 2014, 120, 3896–3901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bettegowda, C.; Sausen, M.; Leary, R.J.; Kinde, I.; Wang, Y.; Agrawal, N.; Bartlett, B.R.; Wang, H.; Luber, B.; Alani, R.M.; et al. Detection of circulating tumor DNA in early- and late-stage human malignancies. Sci. Transl. Med. 2014, 6, 224ra24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Abbosh, C.; Birkbak, N.J.; Wilson, G.A.; Jamal-Hanjani, M.; Constantin, T.; Salari, R.; Le Quesne, J.; Moore, D.A.; Veeriah, S.; Rosenthal, R.; et al. Phylogenetic ctDNA analysis depicts early-stage lung cancer evolution. Nature 2017, 545, 446–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schwarzenbach, H.; Nishida, N.; Calin, G.A.; Pantel, K. Clinical relevance of circulating cell-free microRNAs in cancer. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2014, 11, 145–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boeri, M.; Pastorino, U.; Sozzi, G. Role of microRNAs in lung cancer: microRNA signatures in cancer prognosis. Cancer J. 2012, 18, 268–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mensah, M.; Borzi, C.; Verri, C.; Suatoni, P.; Conte, D.; Pastorino, U.; Orazio, F.; Sozzi, G.; Boeri, M. MicroRNA Based Liquid Biopsy: The Experience of the Plasma miRNA Signature Classifier (MSC) for Lung Cancer Screening. J. Vis. Exp. 2017, 128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moretti, F.; D’Antona, P.; Finardi, E.; Barbetta, M.; Lorenzo, D.; Poli, A.; Gini, E.; Noonan, D.M.; Imperatori, A.; Rotolo, N.; et al. Systematic review and critique of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of stage I-II non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 94980–94996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, Y.; Hu, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Zhao, G.; Lei, Y.; Li, G.; Chen, S.; Chen, K.; Shen, Z.; Chen, X.; et al. The clinical use of circulating microRNAs as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers for lung cancers. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 90197–90214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Qu, L.; Li, L.; Zheng, X.; Fu, H.; Tang, C.; Qin, H.; Li, X.; Wang, H.; Li, J.; Wang, W.; et al. Circulating plasma microRNAs as potential markers to identify EGFR mutation status and to monitor epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 45807–45824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- D’Antona, P.; Cattoni, M.; Dominioni, L.; Poli, A.; Moretti, F. Serum miR-223: A Validated Biomarker for Detection of Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. 2019, 28, 1926–1933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Li, L.L.; Qu, L.L.; Fu, H.J.; Zheng, X.F.; Tang, C.H.; Li, X.Y.; Chen, J.; Wang, W.X.; Yang, S.X.; Wang, L.; et al. Circulating microRNAs as novel biomarkers of ALK-positive nonsmall cell lung cancer and predictors of response to crizotinib therapy. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 45399–45414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Weber, D.G.; Johnen, G.; Casjens, S.; Bryk, O.; Pesch, B.; Jöckel, K.H.; Kollmeier, J.; Brüning, T. Evaluation of long noncoding RNA MALAT1 as a candidate blood-based biomarker for the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Res. Notes 2013, 6, 518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Guo, F.; Yu, F.; Wang, J.; Li, Y.; Li, Y.; Li, Z.; Zhou, Q. Expression of MALAT1 in the peripheral whole blood of patients with lung cancer. Biomed. Rep. 2015, 3, 309–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thai, P.; Statt, S.; Chen, C.H.; Liang, E.; Campbell, C.; Wu, R. Characterization of a novel long noncoding RNA.; SCAL1; induced by cigarette smoke and elevated in lung cancer cell lines. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2013, 49, 204–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tantai, J.; Hu, D.; Yang, Y.; Geng, J. Combined identification of long noncoding RNA XIST and HIF1A-AS1 in serum as an effective screening for non-small cell lung cancer. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2015, 8, 7887–7895. [Google Scholar]
- ** and Outcomes of Treatment With Osimertinib (AZD9291) in Advanced Non- Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2016, 34, 3375–3382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, Z.; Chen, R.; Wang, S.; Zhong, J.; Wu, M.; Zhao, J.; Duan, J.; Zhuo, M.; An, T.; Wang, Y.; et al. Quantification and dynamic monitoring of EGFR T790M in plasma cell-free DNA by digital PCR for prognosis of EGFR-TKI treatment in advanced NSCLC. PLoS ONE 2019, 9, e110780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oxnard, G.R.; Thress, K.S.; Alden, R.S.; Lawrance, R.; Paweletz, C.P.; Cantarini, M.; Barrett, C.; Yang, J.; Jänne, P.A. 135O_PR: Plasma genoty** for predicting benefit from osimertinib in patients (pts) with advanced NSCLC. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2016, 11 (Suppl. 4), S154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rolfo, C.; Laes, J.F.; Reclusa, P.; Valentino, A.; Lienard, M.; Gil-Bazo, I.; Malapelle, U.; Sirera, R.; Rocco, D.; Meerbeeck, V.J.; et al. P2.01-093 Exo-ALK Proof of Concept: Exosomal Analysis of ALK Alterations in Advanced NSCLC Patients. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2017, 12, S844–S845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ilié, M.; Szafer-Glusman, E.; Hofman, V.; Chamorey, E.; Lalvée, S.; Selva, E.; Leroy, S.; Marquette, C.H.; Kowanetz, M.; Hedge, P.; et al. Detection of PD-L1 in circulating tumor cells and white blood cells from patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann. Oncol. 2018, 29, 193–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ilie, M.; Szafer-Glusman, E.; Hofman, V.; Long-Mira, E.; Suttmann, R.; Darbonne, W.; Butori, C.; Lalvée, S.; Fayada, J.; Selva, E.; et al. Expression of MET in circulating tumor cells correlates with expression in tumor tissue from advanced-stage lung cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 26112–26121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Remon, J.; Caramella, C.; Jovelet, C.; Lacroix, L.; Lawson, A.; Smalley, S.; Howarth, K.; Gale, D.; Green, E.; Plagnol, V.; et al. Osimertinib benefit in EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients with T790M-mutation detected by circulating tumour DNA. Ann. Oncol. 2017, 28, 784–790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Histological Type of Lung Cancer | Tumor Suppressor Genes | Oncogenes | References |
---|---|---|---|
Adenocarcinoma | TP53 Mt 90% 17p LOH 70% 9p LOH 50–75% 3p allele loss 50–80% 13q LOH 40–60% CDKN2A 10–40% | KRAS Mt 32.2% EGFR Mt 15% FGFR4 Mt 7% EML4/ALK Fus 1–5% BRAF Mt 2–3% MET Mt/Amp 1–20% Her2 Mt 0.9% | [12,24,25,26,27,28] |
Squamous cell carcinoma | FGFR1 Amp 20% PIK3CA Mt 12% KRAS Mt 6% EGFR Mt 5% BRAF Mt 2% | [18,24,25,26,29,30,31] | |
SCLC | 17p LOH 80–90% 13q LOH 75% 9p LOH 20–50% 3p allele loss >90% TP53 Mt 90% Absent RB1 expression 90% | KRAS Mt 25% RET Fus 5% EGFR Mt 4% ROS1 Fus 1% PIK3CA Mt 3% MYC Amp 15–30% | [25,32,33,34] |
Hallmark of Cancer | Target of miRNA | miRNA | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Sustaining proliferative signaling | EGFR ROS1 ALK KRAS PI3K | miR-7, miR-27a-3p, miR-30, miR-34, miR-128, miR-133, miR-134, miR-145, miR-146, miR-149, miR-218, miR-542-5p, miR-760, miR-96, let-7, miR-193a-3p, miR-181a-5p, miR-148a-3p (via SOS2), miR-1258 (via GRB2), miR-520a-3p | [45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54] |
Evading growth suppression | MDM2/p53 RB E2F | miR-641, miR-660, miR-15/miR-16, miR-449a | [55,56,57,58] |
Enabling replicative immortality | No miRNAs reported to target hTERT in lung cancer studies | ||
Invasion and metastasis | ZEB1 and ZEB2 | miR-200 | [59] |
Inducing angiogenesis | VEGF PTEN | mir-200, miR-126, miR128, miR-494, miR-497 | [60,61,62,63,64] |
Deregulating cellular energetics | GLUT1 HIF-1α LDHA | miR-144, miR-199a, miR-31-5p, miR-33b | [65,66,67,68,69] |
Avoiding immune destruction and tumor-promoting inflammation | PD-L1 | miR-34a, miR-197, miR-200 family | [59,70,71] |
Resisting cell death | Bcl-2 | miR-16-1, miR-130b (via PPAR-γ/VEGF) | [72,73] |
Genome instability and mutation | SPTAN1 P53/PIK3R1 and CDC42 | miR-128-3p, miR-125b, miR-504, miR-29 | [74,75] |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Haranguș, A.; Berindan-Neagoe, I.; Todea, D.A.; Șimon, I.; Șimon, M. Noncoding RNAs and Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer: A Literature Review. Diagnostics 2019, 9, 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9040216
Haranguș A, Berindan-Neagoe I, Todea DA, Șimon I, Șimon M. Noncoding RNAs and Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer: A Literature Review. Diagnostics. 2019; 9(4):216. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9040216
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaranguș, Antonia, Ioana Berindan-Neagoe, Doina Adina Todea, Ioan Șimon, and Mărioara Șimon. 2019. "Noncoding RNAs and Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer: A Literature Review" Diagnostics 9, no. 4: 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9040216