Two Classes of Gamma-ray Bursts Distinguished within the First Second of Their Prompt Emission
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. GRB Light Curves
2.1. BATSE
2.2. Swift/BAT
2.3. Fermi/GBM
3. Feature Extraction
3.1. Light Curve Pre-Processing
3.1.1. 64 ms Light Curves
3.1.2. 4 ms Light Curves
3.2. Wavelet Decomposition
3.3. Principal Component Analysis
3.4. t-SNE
3.5. GMM Clustering
4. Results
4.1. 64 ms Results
4.2. 4 ms Results
4.3. Properties of GRB Clusters Identified in the First Second Post-Trigger
5. Consistency Checks
5.1. T100 vs. T1 Analysis
5.2. Inter-Comparison of Swift/BAT and Fermi/GBM Results
5.3. Time Intervals
5.4. Light Curve Classifications
5.5. Collapsar ‘Contamination’
6. Notable GRBs
6.1. GRBs with Associated Supernovae
6.2. GRBs with Possible Kilonovae
7. Discussion
Cumulative Counts
8. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | p-Value |
---|---|
T90 | 4.3 × 10−42 |
HR32 | 1.7 × 10−19 |
1.9 × 10−3 | |
Fluence (15–350 keV) | 2.9 × 10−22 |
GRB | T1 Group | T100 Group | T90 (s) | HR32 |
---|---|---|---|---|
GRB041220 | 2 | 2 | 5.6 | 1.3 |
GRB041223 | 2 | 2 | 109.1 | 1.8 |
GRB041224 | 2 | 2 | 177.6 | 1.2 |
⋯ | ⋯ | ⋯ | ⋯ | ⋯ |
GRB200809B | ⋯ 1 | 2 | 4.2 | 1.8 |
GRB200819A | 2 | 2 | 26.9 | 1.0 |
GRB200829A | ⋯ 1 | 2 | 13.1 | 1.9 |
Sample | Number of Bursts | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
T90 < 2 s | T90 > 2 s | |||
T1 | T100 | T1 | T100 | |
Swift/BAT sample | 107 | 107 | 1144 | 1147 |
Group 1 | 73 | 91 | 32 | 14 |
Group 2 | 34 | 16 | 1112 | 1133 |
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Salmon, L.; Hanlon, L.; Martin-Carrillo, A. Two Classes of Gamma-ray Bursts Distinguished within the First Second of Their Prompt Emission. Galaxies 2022, 10, 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies10040078
Salmon L, Hanlon L, Martin-Carrillo A. Two Classes of Gamma-ray Bursts Distinguished within the First Second of Their Prompt Emission. Galaxies. 2022; 10(4):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies10040078
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalmon, Lána, Lorraine Hanlon, and Antonio Martin-Carrillo. 2022. "Two Classes of Gamma-ray Bursts Distinguished within the First Second of Their Prompt Emission" Galaxies 10, no. 4: 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies10040078