Temporal and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Spodoptera frugiperda in Mountain Maize Fields in China
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Age-Stage Temporal Distribution and Occurrence Regularity of S. frugiperda in 2020–2021
2.1.1. Test Sites
2.1.2. Occurrence of S. frugiperda Larvae
2.1.3. Population Dynamics of Adult S. frugiperda
2.1.4. Number and Location of Egg Masses of S. frugiperda
2.1.5. Number and Location of S. frugiperda Pupae
2.2. Spatial Distribution of S. frugiperda Larvae in 2020–2021
2.2.1. Spatial Distribution Type
2.2.2. Sampling Techniques
3. Results
3.1. Developmental Stage Temporal Distribution of S. frugiperda in 2020–2021 in the Mountain Maize Field
3.2. Spatial Distribution Pattern of S. frugiperda in 2020–2021 in Mountain Maize Fields
3.2.1. Occurrence and Damage of S. frugiperda in Mountain Maize Fields in 2020–2021
3.2.2. The Density and Spatial Distribution Patterns of S. frugiperda Larvae in Mountain Maize Fields
3.2.3. Theoretical and Sequential Sampling Numbers of S. frugiperda Larvae at Different Densities
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Formula and Reference | Distribution Type |
---|---|---|
Aggregation index | Mean crowding intensity (M*) (Lloyd, 1967) [38] | M* < 1, uniform distribution M* = 1, random distribution M* > 1, aggregated distribution |
Index of clum** (I) (David and Moore, 1954) [39] | I < 0, uniform distribution I = 0, random distribution I > 0, aggregated distribution | |
Clustering index (M*/M) (Lloyd, 1967) [38] | M*/M < 1, uniform distribution M*/M = 1, random distribution M*/M > 1, aggregated distribution | |
Kuno Index (CA) (Cassie, 1967) [40] | CA < 0, uniform distribution CA = 0, random distribution CA > 0, aggregated distribution | |
Morisita diffusion index (C) (Poisson distribution coefficient) | C < 1, uniform distribution C = 1, random distribution C > 1, aggregated distribution | |
Water’s negative binomial distribution K value (K) (Waters, 1959) [41] | K < 0, uniform distribution K = 0, random distribution K > 0, aggregated distribution | |
Iwao regression analysis | (Iwao, 1968, 1972) [37,42] | β < 1, uniform distribution β → 1, random distribution β > 1, aggregated distribution |
Taylor’s power method | → (Taylor, 1961) [36] | b → 0, uniform distribution b → 1, random distribution b > 1, aggregated distribution |
Growth Stage | Mean Density per Plant | Variance (S2) | Mean Crowding Degree (m*) | Spread Index (I) | Patchiness Index (m*/m) | Ca Index | Spread Coefficient (C) | K Value | Distribution Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seedling stage | 0.27 | 1.12 | 3.41 | 3.14 | 12.62 | 11.62 | 4.14 | 0.09 | Aggregation |
Jointing stage | 1.17 | 2.28 | 2.12 | 0.95 | 1.81 | 0.81 | 1.95 | 1.23 | Aggregation |
Trumpet stage | 0.75 | 0.54 | 0.47 | −0.28 | 0.63 | −0.37 | 0.72 | −2.68 | Uniform distribution |
Flare opening stage | 0.35 | 0.49 | 0.74 | 0.39 | 2.12 | 1.12 | 1.39 | 0.89 | Aggregation |
Tasseling stage | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.00 | −0.08 | 0.00 | −1.00 | 0.92 | −1.00 | Uniform distribution |
Powdering stage | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 1.39 | 0.39 | 1.05 | 2.57 | Aggregation |
Spinning stage | 1.24 | 2.06 | 1.90 | 0.66 | 1.53 | 0.53 | 1.66 | 1.87 | Aggregation |
Pustulation stage | 0.42 | 0.50 | 0.62 | 0.20 | 1.47 | 0.47 | 1.20 | 2.11 | Aggregation |
Milk ripening stage | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | −0.05 | 0.00 | −1.00 | 0.95 | −1.00 | Uniform distribution |
Growth Stage | Mean Density per Plant | Variance (S2) | Mean Crowding Degree (m*) | Spread Index (I) | Patchiness Index (m*/m) | Ca Index | Spread Coefficient (C) | K Value | Distribution Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seedling stage | 1.39 | 4.91 | 3.91 | 2.52 | 2.81 | 1.81 | 3.52 | 0.55 | Aggregation |
Jointing stage | 1.87 | 5.66 | 3.90 | 2.02 | 2.08 | 1.08 | 3.02 | 0.93 | Aggregation |
Trumpet stage | 2.02 | 3.53 | 2.77 | 0.75 | 1.37 | 0.37 | 1.75 | 2.69 | Aggregation |
Flare opening stage | 2.95 | 6.38 | 4.11 | 1.16 | 1.39 | 0.39 | 2.16 | 2.54 | Aggregation |
Tasseling stage | 1.51 | 3.27 | 2.68 | 1.16 | 1.77 | 0.77 | 2.16 | 1.30 | Aggregation |
Powdering stage | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.48 | −0.10 | 0.83 | −0.17 | 0.90 | −5.96 | Uniform distribution |
Spinning stage | 2.76 | 7.34 | 4.42 | 1.66 | 1.60 | 0.60 | 2.66 | 1.67 | Aggregation |
Pustulation stage | 2.50 | 3.21 | 2.78 | 0.29 | 1.12 | 0.12 | 1.29 | 8.66 | Aggregation |
Larval Stage | Allowable Errors (D) | Larvae Density per Plant | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 3 | ||
Early-instar larvae | 0.1 | 1632.0 | 910.1 | 669.4 | 549.1 | 476.9 | 428.8 |
0.2 | 408.0 | 227.5 | 167.4 | 137.3 | 119.2 | 107.2 | |
0.3 | 181.3 | 101.1 | 74.4 | 61.0 | 53.0 | 47.6 | |
Late-instar larvae | 0.1 | 821.8 | 445.4 | 320.0 | 257.3 | 219.6 | 194.6 |
0.2 | 205.4 | 111.4 | 80.0 | 64.3 | 54.9 | 48.6 | |
0.3 | 91.3 | 49.5 | 35.6 | 28.6 | 24.4 | 21.6 | |
Total sample | 0.1 | 1163.5 | 641.3 | 467.2 | 380.2 | 327.9 | 293.1 |
0.2 | 290.9 | 160.3 | 116.8 | 95.0 | 82.0 | 73.3 | |
0.3 | 129.3 | 71.3 | 51.9 | 42.2 | 36.4 | 32.6 |
Larval Stage | Upper and Lower Limits | Number of Samples (n) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 | 120 | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 | 170 | 180 | 190 | 200 | ||
Early-instar larvae | upper limit T1(n) | 32 | 37 | 41 | 45 | 49 | 53 | 57 | 61 | 65 | 69 | 73 | 77 | 81 | 85 | 89 |
lower limit T2(n) | 7 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 30 | 32 | 35 | 38 | 41 | 43 | |
Late-instar larvae | upper limit T1(n) | 28 | 32 | 36 | 40 | 44 | 48 | 51 | 55 | 59 | 63 | 66 | 70 | 74 | 78 | 81 |
lower limit T2(n) | 11 | 14 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 25 | 28 | 31 | 33 | 36 | 39 | 42 | 45 | 48 | 51 | |
Total sample | upper limit T1(n) | 30 | 34 | 39 | 43 | 47 | 51 | 55 | 58 | 62 | 66 | 70 | 74 | 78 | 81 | 85 |
lower limit T2(n) | 9 | 12 | 14 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 30 | 33 | 36 | 38 | 41 | 44 | 47 |
Larval Stage | Allowable Errors (D) | Larvae Density per Plant | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 3 | ||
Early-instar larvae | 0.1 | 2612.1 | 1361.3 | 944.3 | 735.8 | 610.7 | 527.3 |
0.2 | 653.0 | 340.3 | 236.1 | 184.0 | 152.7 | 131.8 | |
0.3 | 290.2 | 151.3 | 104.9 | 81.8 | 67.9 | 58.6 | |
Late-instar larvae | 0.1 | 743.9 | 359.6 | 231.5 | 167.4 | 129.0 | 103.4 |
0.2 | 186.0 | 89.9 | 57.9 | 41.9 | 32.2 | 25.8 | |
0.3 | 82.7 | 40.0 | 25.7 | 18.6 | 14.3 | 11.5 | |
Total sample | 0.1 | 1259.8 | 694.6 | 506.2 | 412.0 | 355.5 | 317.8 |
0.2 | 314.9 | 173.6 | 126.5 | 103.0 | 88.9 | 79.5 | |
0.3 | 140.0 | 77.2 | 56.2 | 45.8 | 39.5 | 35.3 |
Larval Stage | Upper and Lower Limits | Number of Samples (n) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 | 120 | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 | 170 | 180 | 190 | 200 | ||
Early-instar larvae | upper limit T1(n) | 36 | 40 | 45 | 49 | 54 | 58 | 62 | 66 | 71 | 75 | 79 | 83 | 87 | 91 | 95 |
lower limit T2(n) | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 24 | 27 | 29 | 32 | 34 | 37 | |
Late-instar larvae | upper limit T1(n) | 28 | 32 | 36 | 40 | 44 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 59 | 63 | 67 | 71 | 74 | 78 | 82 |
lower limit T2(n) | 11 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 30 | 33 | 36 | 39 | 42 | 44 | 47 | 50 | |
Total sample | upper limit T1(n) | 31 | 35 | 39 | 43 | 47 | 51 | 55 | 59 | 63 | 67 | 71 | 75 | 78 | 82 | 86 |
lower limit T2(n) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
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He, Y.; Wang, K.; Du, G.; Zhang, Q.; Li, B.; Zhao, L.; He, P.; Chen, B. Temporal and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Spodoptera frugiperda in Mountain Maize Fields in China. Insects 2022, 13, 938. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100938
He Y, Wang K, Du G, Zhang Q, Li B, Zhao L, He P, Chen B. Temporal and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Spodoptera frugiperda in Mountain Maize Fields in China. Insects. 2022; 13(10):938. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100938
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Yanyan, Kun Wang, Guangzu Du, Qiong Zhang, Bin Li, Lin Zhao, ** He, and Bin Chen. 2022. "Temporal and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Spodoptera frugiperda in Mountain Maize Fields in China" Insects 13, no. 10: 938. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100938