Edible Insects for Humans and Animals: Nutritional Composition and an Option for Mitigating Environmental Damage
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Edible Insects in Humans and Animals
3. Nutritional Value
3.1. Nutritional Value of Insects
3.1.1. Energy Value
3.1.2. Proteins
3.1.3. Lipids
3.1.4. Minerals and Vitamins
3.1.5. Fiber
Nutrient | Coleoptera (Beetles) | Diptera (Flies) | Hemiptera (True Bugs) | Hymenoptera (Ants–Bees–Wasps) | Isoptera (Termites) | Lepidoptera (Caterpillars– Butterflies–Moths) | Odonata (Dragonflies–Damselflies) | Orthoptera (Crickets–Grasshoppers– Locusts) | Blattodea (Cockroaches) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kcal/100 g | 427–576 | 217–552 | 451–622 | 475- 555 | - | 349–777 | 431 | 336–485 | - |
Protein (%) | 47–65 | 36–64 | 33–65 | 42–58 | 20–43 | 26–60 | 54–56 | 6–67 | 44–66 |
Amino acids (mg/g) | |||||||||
Thr (23) | 35.2 | 38.8 | 29.9 | 41.7 | 27.5 | 40 | 15.3 | 35.8 | 34.6 |
Trp (6) | 10.1 | 28.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 14.3 | 11.2 | 19.4 | 8.1 | 6.0 |
Val (39) | 53.8 | 46.9 | 44.3 | 60.5 | 73.3 | 54.1 | 16.5 | 50.3 | 53.8 |
His (15) | 26.3 | 22.3 | 15.7 | 27 | 51.4 | 23.7 | 53.5 | 21.2 | 19.4 |
Ile (30) | 45.6 | 32.6 | 31.5 | 47.8 | 51.1 | 40.4 | 14.2 | 39.6 | 29.9 |
Leu (59) | 74.2 | 57.4 | 49.8 | 78.4 | 78.3 | 62.7 | 18.3 | 74.8 | 56.4 |
Lys (45) | 50.6 | 52.9 | 28 | 53.8 | 54.2 | 57.7 | 22.5 | 53.9 | 48 |
Met (16) | 16.2 | 27.2 | 21.7 | 23.8 | 7.5 | 22.1 | 4.1 | 19.3 | 29.8 |
Phe | 47.1 | 50.6 | 34.4 | 47.5 | 43.8 | 46.3 | 8.6 | 46.6 | 30.6 |
Met + Cys (22) | 31.9 | 36.6 | 32.2 | 30.5 | 26.2 | 34.7 | - | 29.8 | 41.4 |
Phe + Thy (30) | 98.6 | 107.3 | 63.8 | 104.3 | 74 | 95.8 | - | 100.3 | 92.9 |
Arg | 53.9 | 49.4 | 47.9 | 43.5 | 69.4 | 46.9 | 26.9 | 53.6 | 41.5 |
Cys | 14.6 | 5.3 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 18.7 | 12.2 | 11 | 12.8 | 11.6 |
Tyr | 55.7 | 56.7 | 38.7 | 55.3 | 30.2 | - | 9.5 | 61.5 | 62.3 |
Ala | 69.5 | 58.9 | 26.4 | 72.3 | - | 48.9 | 20.7 | 77.4 | 56.6 |
Gly | 55.2 | 45.1 | 16.4 | 81.3 | - | 43.8 | 21.4 | 54 | 58.7 |
Glu | 123.7 | 98.6 | 23.7 | 134.3 | - | 103.4 | 40.5 | 94.5 | 99.7 |
Ser | 42.6 | 60 | 10.3 | 38.2 | - | 48.4 | 15.7 | 41.9 | 41.9 |
Pro | 64.1 | 27.8 | - | 66.7 | - | 44.9 | 43.2 | 53.9 | 65.0 |
Lipids (%) | 30% | 23% | 34% | 30% | 27% | 26% | 20% | 14% | 23% |
SFA (%) | 2.4–42.2 | 2.9–8.8 | 41.5–57 | 14.5–34.6 | 0.1–31.9 | 19.4–39 | - | 2.34–44.5 | 28.3 |
MUFA (%) | 3.4–48.1 | 2.6–4.7 | 1.2 7.3 | 1.96–70.2 | 0.2–1.87 | 4.4–50.8 | - | 3.1–38.4 | 10.3 |
PUFA (%) | 0.8–64.5 | 1.1–3.6 | 43.8–53.4 | 15.7–63.6 | 0.3–65.3 | 1.7–62.1 | - | 0.95–58.4 | 78 |
NFE (%) | 14 | 9 | 5 | 14 | 25 | 20 | 5 | 8 | 8 |
Ash (%) | 6 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 5 |
Fiber (%) | 14–18 | 9 | 5 | 11–14 | 25 | 14–21 | 5 | 8–27 | 8 |
Vitamins (mg/kg) | |||||||||
Vitamin C | 12–101 | < 10 | - | 100.3 | - | 90 | 30 | - | 3.2–92 |
Thiamin | 1.1–2.4 | 7.7 | - | - | - | 1–2–3.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 2 |
Riboflavin | 8.1–11.2 | 16.2 | - | - | - | 9.4 | 34.1 | 34.1 | 16.6 |
Pantothenic acid | 7–26.2 | 38.5 | - | - | - | 32.8 | 23 | - | 20.3 |
Niacin | 35.6–46.5 | 71 | - | - | - | 2.6–33.6 | 38.4 | 3.8 | 4.4–29.5 |
Pyridoxine | 3.55–8.1 | 2.3 | - | - | - | 1.74 | 2.3 | - | 2.13 |
B12 (ug/Kg) | 5–9.9 | 56 | - | - | - | 0.1 | 54 | 5.4 | 23.7–193 |
Minerals (mg/kg-mg/g) * | |||||||||
Iron | 20.6 | 19.9–66.6 | 10.10 | 1.8–10 | 53.3 -116 | 2.1–77 | 78.9 | 0.7–18.7 | 60.3–64.8 |
Calcium | 366 | 156–262 | 32 | 7.6–40 | 58.7–63.6 | 55–224.7 | 206 | 9.2–76.3 | 42.9–48.3 |
Phosphorus | 2.2 | 2.1–2.6 | - | 100.5–730 | - | 203–666.7 | 500.3 | - | 125 |
Potassium | 2.9 | 2.9–3.4 | 362.1 | 1150 | - | 1.9–1258 | 625.3 | 412.3 | - |
Zinc | 52–54.3 | 49.5–56.2 | 10.10 | 10 | 8.1–10.8 | 11.1–25.9 | 5 | 8.5 | 7.1–13.8 |
Copper | 6.1 | 3.6–8.3 | - | 1 | - | 1.2–3.3 | 1.34 | 1.5 | - |
Magnesium | 193 | 620 | 74.55 | 50 | - | 254–402.2 | 73.13 | 0.1–87.2 | 0.2 |
Manganese | 5.2–8.7 | 3.2–61.8 | - | 40 | - | 2.7–5.8 | 11.5 | 5 | - |
4. Edible Insects for Animals
4.1. Black Soldier Fly Larvae
4.2. Mealworm Larvae
4.3. Giant Mealworm and Small Mealworm
4.4. Locusts, Grasshoppers, and Crickets
5. Possible Risks to Be Taken into Account When Consuming Insects
6. Environmental Impact of Edible Insects
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Animal Category | Land (Land Use m2 for 1 kg of Protein) | Water Required (L/g of Protein) | Feed (kg/kg of Live Weight) | A-GHG Production (g/kg Mass Gain) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Insects | 20 | 23 | 2 | 1 |
Beef cattle | 145–255 | 112 | 10 | 2850 |
Broiler chicken | 40–55 | 34 | 3 | 300 |
Pork | 45–70 | 57 | 5 | 1300 |
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Ordoñez-Araque, R.; Quishpillo-Miranda, N.; Ramos-Guerrero, L. Edible Insects for Humans and Animals: Nutritional Composition and an Option for Mitigating Environmental Damage. Insects 2022, 13, 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100944
Ordoñez-Araque R, Quishpillo-Miranda N, Ramos-Guerrero L. Edible Insects for Humans and Animals: Nutritional Composition and an Option for Mitigating Environmental Damage. Insects. 2022; 13(10):944. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100944
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrdoñez-Araque, Roberto, Nadine Quishpillo-Miranda, and Luis Ramos-Guerrero. 2022. "Edible Insects for Humans and Animals: Nutritional Composition and an Option for Mitigating Environmental Damage" Insects 13, no. 10: 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100944