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Ovicidal Toxicity and Morphological Changes in Housefly Eggs Induced by the Essential Oils of Star Anise and Lemongrass and Their Main Constituents
by
Hataichanok Passara
1,
Sirawut Sittichok
1,2,
Jirisuda Sinthusiri
3,
Tanapoom Moungthipmalai
2,
Cheepchanok Puwanard
2,
Kouhei Murata
4 and
Mayura Soonwera
1,2,* 1
Office of Administrative Interdisciplinary Program on Agricultural Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
2
Department of Plant Production Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
3
Community Public Health Program, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
4
School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Insects 2024, 15(7), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070481
Submission received: 20 May 2024
/
Revised: 20 June 2024
/
Accepted: 25 June 2024
/
Published: 27 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Vectors of Human and Zoonotic Diseases)
Simple Summary
Houseflies (Musca domestica: Diptera) are serious medical and veterinary vectors of several human and animal pathogens. Ovicides reduce breeding housefly populations and the risk of housefly vector diseases. The natural ovicides of plant essential oils (EOs) and their main ingredients were suitable and sustainable options at this time against houseflies. This study evaluated the housefly ovicidal activities of four single-component formulations and two combination formulations of essential oils and their main constituents. The efficacy of each treatment was compared to that of α-cypermethrin (a synthetic insecticide). Two combinations: lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) EO + trans-anethole and star anise (Illicium verum) EO + geranial, were at least 1.1 times as effective in ovicidal activity as all single-component treatments and α-cypermethrin. They induced embryonic damage and mortality inside the activities of the eggs, disrupting the eggshell, hatching line, aeropyles, plastron, and micropyle. More significantly, the two combinations and all single-component formulations were safe for two non-target aquatic species: guppy (Poecilia reticulate: Poeciliidae) and molly (Poecilia latipinna: Poeciliidae), while α-cypermethrin was not safe for them. The two combinations could be developed into an effective and safe natural ovicide for reducing housefly populations and managing housefly vector diseases.
Abstract
This study attempted to evaluate the ovicidal activity of single-component formulations and combination formulations of lemongrass and star anise essential oils (EOs) and their main constituents against housefly eggs. The efficacies of the combinations were compared with those of single-component formulations and α-cypermethrin. Safety bioassays of all treatments and α-cypermethrin on non-target predators—guppy and molly—were conducted. Two combinations: 1% lemongrass EO + 1% trans-anethole and 1% star anise EO + 1% geranial, exhibited a strong ovicidal activity with an inhibition rate of 94.4 to 96.2%. They were 1.1 times as effective as α-cypermethrin. The two combinations also showed high synergistic activity compared to single-component formulations, with a high synergistic index and a high increased inhibition value of 37.4 to 57.7%. All EO treatments were benign for all non-target aquatic species with a high 50% lethal time (LT50) and safety index. In contrast, α-cypermethrin was highly toxic to them with a low LT50. The morphological abnormalities observed in housefly eggs at death were those such as the shrivelling of the eggs, aberrations and damage to the eggshells, hatching lines, aeropyles, plastron, and micropyle. The potential of these two combinations as a cypermethrin replacement is compelling.
