S-Acylation of Proteins of Coronavirus and Influenza Virus: Conservation of Acylation Sites in Animal Viruses and DHHC Acyltransferases in Their Animal Reservoirs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Pandemics Caused by Influenza Virus and Coronaviruses
1.2. S-Acylation of Influenza Virus and Coronavirus Proteins
1.3. Structure and Function of DHHC Proteins
1.4. DHHCs Involved in Acylation of Influenza and Coronavirus Proteins
1.5. Rationale for This Study
2. Results
2.1. Analysis of S-Acylation Sites in HA and M2 of Human and Animal Influenza Viruses
2.2. Analysis of S-Acylation Sites in S and E of Human and Animal Coronaviruses
2.3. Number and Type of DHHC Genes in Animal Hosts of Influenza and Coronaviruses
2.4. Structural Comparison of Human DHHCs with the Ortholog Proteins in Animal Hosts
2.4.1. Structural Comparison of Human DHHCs with the Ortholog Proteins in Animal Hosts of Flu A
2.4.2. Structural Comparison of Human DHHCs with the Ortholog Proteins in Animal Hosts of CoVs
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Collection and Comparison of Viral Protein Sequences
4.2. Collection and Comparison of DHHC Sequences
4.3. Structural Analysis of Amino Acid Substitutions between Human and Animal DHHCs
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S-Acylation Sites in Spike Proteins of Influenza and Coronaviruses | ||
Flu A | HA/1 | LVSLGAISFWMC SNGSLQCRICI |
Flu A | HA/7 | LAIAVGLVFICV KNGNMRCTICI |
Flu B | HA | LMIAIFIVYMVS RDNVSCSICL |
Flu C | HEF | LAALVISGIAIC RTK |
MHV | S | AGVAVCVLLFFI CCCTGCGSCCFKKCGNCCDEYGGHQDSIVIHNISSHED |
MERS-CoV | S | LVALALCVFFIL CCTGCGTNCMGKLKCNRCCDRYEEYDLEPHKVHVH |
SARS-CoV-1 | S | GLIAIVMVTILL CCMTSCCSCLKGACSCGSCCKFDEDDSEPVLKGVKLHYT |
SARS-CoV-2 | S | GLIAIVMVTIML CCMTSCCSCLKGCCSCGSCCKFDEDDSEPVLKGVKLHYT |
S-Acylation Sites in Ion Channels of Influenza and Coronaviruses | ||
Flu A | M2 | IIGILHLILWIL DRLFFKCIYRRFKYGLK |
MHV | E | VTIIVVAFLASI KLCIQLCGLCNTLVLSPSIYLYD |
MERS-CoV | E | TLLVCMAFLTAT RLCVQCMTGFNTLLVQPALYLYN |
SARS-CoV | E | FLLVTLAILTAL RLCAYCCNIVNVSLVKPTVY |
SARS-CoV-2 | E | FLLVTLAILTAL RLCAYCCNIVNVSLVKPSFYVYS |
Order or Family | Species | # DHHCs | DHHC Missing | Host of |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primate | Humans (Homo sapiens) | 23 | X | Flu A |
Suidae | Pigs (Sus scrofa) | 21 | 4, 11 | Flu A |
Anseriformes | Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) | 20 | 11, 19, 24 | Flu A |
Anseriformes | Duck (Aythya fuligula) | 20 | 11, 19, 24 | Flu A |
Anseriformes | Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis) | 19 | 5, 11, 19, 24 | Flu A |
Anseriformes | Gesse (Anser) | 19 | 5, 11, 19, 24 | Flu A |
Anseriformes | Swans (Cygnus) | 20 | 11, 19, 24 | Flu A |
Charadriiformes | Sandpiper (Calidris pugnax) | 20 | 11, 19, 24 | Flu A |
Galliformes | Chicken (Gallus gallus) | 20 | 11, 19, 24 | Flu A |
Galliformes | Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) | 18 | 4, 11, 19,21, 24 | Flu A |
Galliformes | Quail (Coturnix japonica) | 20 | 11, 19, 24 | Flu A |
Falconiformes | Falcon (Falco peregrinus) | 20 | 11, 19, 24 | Flu A |
Columbiformes | Pigeon (Columba livia) | 20 | 11, 19, 24 | Flu A |
Mastacembelidae | Zig-zag eel (M. armatus) | 18 | 1, 7, 11, 18, 19 | Flu |
Bufonidae | Toad (B. bufo) | 20 | 11, 18, 19 | Flu |
Manidae | Pangolin (Manis javanica) | 23 | X | SARS-2 |
Camelidae | Camel (Camelus dromedarius) | 23 | X | MERS |
Rhinolophidae | Horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus s.) | 23 | X | SARS-1 +2 |
Vespertilionidae | Pipistrelle bat (P. kuhlii) | 22 | 11 | MERS |
Pigs (Sus scrofa) | Chicken (Gallus gallus) | Sandpiper (Calidris pugnax) | Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
DHHC2 | 96.7% | 84.2% | 84.5% | 84.5% |
DHHC8 | 93.3% | 65.1% | 62.8% | 66.2% |
DHHC15 | 98.2% | 75.3% | 75.9% | 75.3% |
DHHC20 | 91.3% | 77.7% | 76.6% | 73.1% |
Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus sinicus) | Pangolin (Manis javanica) | Camel (C. dromedarius) | Pipistrelle Bat (P. kuhlii) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
DHHC8 | 89.31% | 90.00% | 92.38% | 88.82% |
DHHC9 | 96.98% | 98.63% | 98.08% | 95.99% |
DHHC20 | 87.27% | 88.54% | 91.39% | 86.17% |
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Abdulrahman, D.A.; Meng, X.; Veit, M. S-Acylation of Proteins of Coronavirus and Influenza Virus: Conservation of Acylation Sites in Animal Viruses and DHHC Acyltransferases in Their Animal Reservoirs. Pathogens 2021, 10, 669. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060669
Abdulrahman DA, Meng X, Veit M. S-Acylation of Proteins of Coronavirus and Influenza Virus: Conservation of Acylation Sites in Animal Viruses and DHHC Acyltransferases in Their Animal Reservoirs. Pathogens. 2021; 10(6):669. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060669
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdulrahman, Dina A., **aorong Meng, and Michael Veit. 2021. "S-Acylation of Proteins of Coronavirus and Influenza Virus: Conservation of Acylation Sites in Animal Viruses and DHHC Acyltransferases in Their Animal Reservoirs" Pathogens 10, no. 6: 669. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060669