Rift Valley Fever Virus—Infection, Pathogenesis and Host Immune Responses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Virus Biology
3. Replication Cycle
4. Host Susceptibility
5. RVFV Infection—Host Immunity and Evasion Strategies
5.1. Immune Evasion Mechanisms of RVFV
5.2. Innate Immune Response to RVFV Infection
5.3. Adaptive Immune Response
6. RVFV Vaccine Development
6.1. Formalin-Inactivated Vaccines
6.2. MP12
6.3. Clone 13
6.4. RVFV-4s
6.5. DNA Vaccines
6.6. Viral Vectored Vaccines
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vaccine Candidate | Type of Vaccine | Immune Response | Species Tested | Comments | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smithburn | Live-attenuated | Neutralizing antibody | Cow, goat, alpaca | Adverse effects: abortion, pathologic manifestation | [134,156,157] |
NDBR-103 | Formalin inactivated | Neutralizing antibody | Humans | Side effect: reported case of Guillain-Barré Syndrome | [116,117] |
TSI-GSD-200 | Formalin inactivated | Neutralizing antibody, T cell | Humans | Booster vaccinations required | [118,119,120] |
MP-12 | Live-attenuated | Neutralizing antibody | Sheep, goat, alpaca, rhesus macaque, humans | Adverse effect for foetus when administered in early pregnancy, phase 1 and 2 clinical trials | [123,124,125,126,128,129,130,131] |
Clone-13 | Live-attenuated | Neutralizing antibody | Sheep, goat, cattle | Vertical transmission | [133,134,135,136,137] |
RVFV-4s | Live-attenuated | Neutralizing antibody | Sheep, goat, cow, common marmoset | No evidence of vertical transmission | [139,140,141,142] |
arMP-12-ΔNSm21/384 1 | Live-attenuated | Neutralizing antibody, IFN-γ response | Sheep | [143] | |
rZH501-ΔNSs:GFP, rZH501-ΔNSs:GFP-ΔNSm 2 | Live-attenuated | Neutralizing antibody | Rats | [144] | |
pWRG7077-RVFV-NSm | DNA-vectored | Neutralizing antibody | Mice | [145] | |
Gn-C3d | DNA-vectored | Neutralizing antibody | Mice | Protects passively immunized mice against RVFV-ZH501 challenge | [146] |
RVFV-BLP 3 (Gn head) | Bacterium-like particle | Antibody and T cell response | Mice | [155] | |
rLSDV-RVFV | Virus-vectored | Neutralizing antibody | Sheep | [152] | |
rVEEV-RVFV | Virus-vectored | Neutralizing antibody | Mouse | [147] | |
rMVA-RVFV | Virus-vectored | Neutralizing antibody, T cell | Mouse | [151] | |
ChAdOx1-RVFV 4 | Virus vectored | Neutralizing antibody | Mouse, sheep, goat | Viremia in placenta of pregnant doe challenged with RVFV-35/74 | [153,154] |
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Nair, N.; Osterhaus, A.D.M.E.; Rimmelzwaan, G.F.; Prajeeth, C.K. Rift Valley Fever Virus—Infection, Pathogenesis and Host Immune Responses. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091174
Nair N, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF, Prajeeth CK. Rift Valley Fever Virus—Infection, Pathogenesis and Host Immune Responses. Pathogens. 2023; 12(9):1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091174
Chicago/Turabian StyleNair, Niranjana, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, Guus F. Rimmelzwaan, and Chittappen Kandiyil Prajeeth. 2023. "Rift Valley Fever Virus—Infection, Pathogenesis and Host Immune Responses" Pathogens 12, no. 9: 1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091174