A Comprehensive Review of 4D Printing: State of the Arts, Opportunities, and Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Overview of 4D Printing
1.3. Advantages of 4D Printing
1.4. Disadvantages of 4D Printing
1.5. Differences between 3D Printing and 4D Printing
1.6. Market Size: Economic Value and Statistics
2. Four-Dimensional Printing Stimuli
Stimulus | Advantages | Limitations | Applications | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature |
|
|
| [31,48,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62] |
Light |
|
|
| [31,48,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73] |
Water |
|
|
| [59,75,77,78,79,80] |
Magnetic |
|
|
| [17,27,48,57,85,86,88] |
pH |
|
|
| [48,73,92,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105] |
Electric |
|
|
| [31,59,107,108,109,110] |
Humidity |
|
|
| [31,37,57,113,115,116,117,118,119] |
3. Four-Dimensional Printing Materials
Material | Advantages | Limitations | Applications | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shape- memory polymer |
|
|
| [15,47,59,149,150,151,152,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166] |
Shape- memory metal |
|
|
| [155,167,168,169,170] |
Smart hydrogel |
|
|
| [15,56,150,159,160,171,172,173,174,175,176] |
Shape- memory alloy |
|
|
| [136,151,167,168,177,178,179,180,181] |
Shape- memory ceramic |
|
|
| [143,168,177,178,182,183,184,185,186,187] |
Liquid crystal elastomers |
|
|
| [148,173,188,189,190] |
4. Four-Dimensional Printing Manufacturing Methods
Manufacturing Method | Advantages | Limitations | Applications | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) |
|
|
| [15,97,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,229] |
Stereolithography (SLA) |
|
|
| [15,26,37,223,230,231,232,234,235,236,237,238] |
Selective laser sintering (SLS) |
|
|
| [13,17,26,168,206,210,231,239,240] |
Digital light processing (DLP) |
|
|
| [168,206,220,224,242,243,244,245] |
Direct ink writing (DIW) |
|
|
| [94,220,224,246,247,248,249] |
5. Four-Dimensional Printing Application
5.1. Healthcare
5.1.1. Dentistry
5.1.2. Orthopedics
5.1.3. Pharmaceuticals
5.1.4. Drug Delivery
5.1.5. Biomedical Devices
5.1.6. Tissue Engineering
5.2. Aerospace
5.3. Electronics
5.4. Food
5.5. Fashion and Apparel
5.6. Renewable Energy
5.7. Military
6. Gaps in Research and Outlook for the Future
6.1. Scaling Up the Manufacturing Process
6.2. Predictive Model for 4D Printing Manufacturing
6.3. The Next Generation of 4D Printing
7. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Saves energy, material, cost and time | Complexity |
Sustainable | Requires special programming to adjust the responsiveness |
Rapid production | Lack of literature |
Response to stimulus | Limited options for materials |
Criteria | 3D Printing | 4D Printing |
---|---|---|
Maturity | Sufficiently mature (4 decades) | Not mature |
Body mechanics | Static | Dynamic |
Printing a complex design | Easy and fast | Difficult to print |
Materials | Normal materials | Smart materials |
Manufacturing approach | Parts are printed with a layer-upon-layer technique | Printed part is exposed to a specific stimulus |
Printer/software | 3D printer/software | 4D printer/software |
Properties of programming | Not applied | Mathematical modeling must apply |
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Aldawood, F.K. A Comprehensive Review of 4D Printing: State of the Arts, Opportunities, and Challenges. Actuators 2023, 12, 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/act12030101
Aldawood FK. A Comprehensive Review of 4D Printing: State of the Arts, Opportunities, and Challenges. Actuators. 2023; 12(3):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/act12030101
Chicago/Turabian StyleAldawood, Faisal Khaled. 2023. "A Comprehensive Review of 4D Printing: State of the Arts, Opportunities, and Challenges" Actuators 12, no. 3: 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/act12030101