Influence of Relative Sea-Level Rise, Meteoric Water Infiltration and Rock Weathering on Giant Volcanic Landslides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Slope Stability Model
+ ρm Hm2 sin (β/2 − ϕ/2)/(ρr sin β cos β/2 + ϕ/2) = 0
2.2. Mechanical Properties of Volcanic Rocks
2.3. Modeling Hydroclimatic Variations
2.4. Pressure Variation in the Magma Reservoir
3. Results
3.1. Influence of Water Column Loading on Slope Stability
3.2. Influence of the Pore Pressure on Slope Stability
3.3. Competing Influence of Sea Level Loading vs. Pore Pressure Variations over Time on Slope Stability
4. Discussion
4.1. Rock Weathering and Slope Instability
4.2. Weakness Zones and Geological Inheritance
4.3. Sea Level Variation Effect on Landslides and Volcanic Activity
4.4. Pore Pressure Variation
4.5. Climate Variation and Correlation with Giant Landslides
Volcano | Age (ka) | References |
---|---|---|
Canary Islands (El Hierro, El Golfo) | 10–17 | [60] |
La Réunion | 20–68 | [61] |
Hawaii (Alika phase 1) | 112 | [43] |
Hawaii (Alika phase 2) | 127 ± 10 | [43] |
Canary Islands (El Hierro, El Golfo) | 134 ± 6 | [3] |
Hawaii (Southern Lanai) | 135 | [62] |
Canary Islands (Tenerife) | 150–170 | [63] [64] |
Hawaii (Southern Lanai) | 240 | [62] |
La Réunion | 290–320 | [61] |
Martinique | 337 ± 5 | [65] |
Canary Islands (La Palma) | 537 ± 8 | [66] [67] |
Guadeloupe | 629 ± 13 | [68] |
Hawaii (Haleakala, Hana) | 860 | [69] |
Tahiti-Nui (north) | 872 ± 10 | [30] |
4.6. Discussion of Giant Landslides Real Cases
4.7. Small Landslides vs. Giant Landslides
5. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Gargani, J. Influence of Relative Sea-Level Rise, Meteoric Water Infiltration and Rock Weathering on Giant Volcanic Landslides. Geosciences 2023, 13, 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13040113
Gargani J. Influence of Relative Sea-Level Rise, Meteoric Water Infiltration and Rock Weathering on Giant Volcanic Landslides. Geosciences. 2023; 13(4):113. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13040113
Chicago/Turabian StyleGargani, Julien. 2023. "Influence of Relative Sea-Level Rise, Meteoric Water Infiltration and Rock Weathering on Giant Volcanic Landslides" Geosciences 13, no. 4: 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13040113