The Environmental Impact of E-Waste Microplastics: A Systematic Review and Analysis Based on the Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) Framework
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Drivers and Pressures: Trends in Electronics Consumption and E-Waste Production in the European Union
3.2. State: Concentrations of E-Waste Microplastics in the Environment
Sample | Location | Concentration | Type | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | Facility | Mean | Maximum | Polymers | Shapes | ||
Soil | Guiyu, China | E-waste disassembling site (abandoned) | 9450 particles kg−1 | 34,100 particles kg−1 | PS (12.44%), PP (11.98%), PVA (10.51%), polyphenylene sulfide (7.74%), PE (5.35%) | granules (96.42%), <1 mm (88.61%), black (33.17%), white (33.17%) | Chai et al., 2020a; Chai et al., 2020b; Chai et al., 2021 [43,44,45] |
Longtang County, China | E-waste recycling site | 2250 particles kg−1 (12.2 mg g−1), | 14,200 particles kg−1 (153 mg g−1) | ABS | blue, black, red | Zhang et al., 2021 [46] | |
Shanghai, China | E-waste disassembling site | 24,888 particles kg−1 | 130,680 particles kg−1 | PMMA, other 102 kinds | white, black | Zhan et al., 2022 [47] | |
India | E-waste dum** sites | 1411 particles kg−1 | 13,245 particles kg−1 | PET, PVC | na | Tun et al., 2022 [38] | |
Dust | China | Roads inside an e-waste disassembling site | na | 7778 particles 5 g−1 | tire rubber, PS, PP, PMMA | na | Zhang et al., 2022 [37] |
Shanghai, China | E-waste disassembling site | 44,277 particles 50 g−1 | 261,970 particles 50 g−1 | na | na | Zhan et al., 2022 [47] | |
Air | Shanghai, China | E-waste disassembling site | 530 particles 100 m−3 | 1102 particles 100 m−3 | na | na | Zhan et al., 2022 [47] |
3.3. State: Additives and Leachates from E-Waste Microplastics
3.4. Impacts: Adverse Effects of E-Waste Microplastics and Leachates on the Environment and Ecosystems
3.5. Impacts: Adverse Effects of E-Waste Microplastics on Human Health
3.6. Response: Prevention and Mitigation of E-Waste Microplastics
3.7. Drivers–Pressures–State–Impacts–Responses (DPSIR) Framework
3.8. Knowledge Gaps in E-Waste Microplastics
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Drivers | Pressures | State | Impact | Responses | Reference |
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E-waste microplastics |
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| Present work |
Microplastics in rivers in Thailand |
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| Ta et al., 2023 [76] |
Microplastics from disposable masks |
|
|
|
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| Song et al., 2022 [77] |
Microplastics in the environment |
|
|
|
|
| Miranda et al., 2020 [78] |
Microplastics from building and construction industries |
|
|
|
|
| Prasittisopin et al., 2023 [79] |
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Prata, J.C. The Environmental Impact of E-Waste Microplastics: A Systematic Review and Analysis Based on the Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) Framework. Environments 2024, 11, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11020030
Prata JC. The Environmental Impact of E-Waste Microplastics: A Systematic Review and Analysis Based on the Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) Framework. Environments. 2024; 11(2):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11020030
Chicago/Turabian StylePrata, Joana C. 2024. "The Environmental Impact of E-Waste Microplastics: A Systematic Review and Analysis Based on the Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) Framework" Environments 11, no. 2: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11020030