Urban Soils and Road Dust—Civilization Effects and Metal Pollution—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Soil Function Changes from Human Civilizations
2.1. Soil Use
2.2. Human Impacts from Constructions
2.3. Human Impacts from Roads
2.4. Carbon and Phosphorus
2.5. Methods to Detect the Changes
3. Metal Contaminations
3.1. Sampling and Determination Methods
3.2. Metal Sources
3.2.1. Brakes
3.2.2. Tires
3.2.3. Metal corrosions
3.2.4. Antimony
3.2.5. Arsenic
3.2.6. Barium
3.2.7. Cadmium
3.2.8. Chromium
3.2.9. Copper
3.2.10. Lead
3.2.11. Manganese
3.2.12. Mercury
3.2.13. Molybdenum
3.2.14. Nickel and Vanadium
3.2.15. Sodium
3.2.16. Zinc
3.3. Cumulative Indices for Characterization of Metal Contaminations
3.3.1. Geo-Accumulation Index
3.3.2. The Contamination Index
+ (Hg/0.1) + (Ni/22) + (Pb/17) + (Zn/65)}/10
3.3.3. The Pollution Index
+ (Mo/10) + (Ni/60) + (Pb/100) + (Zn/300)}/10
3.3.4. The Nemerov Pollution Index
3.4. Levels Met in Urban and Roadside Soils
3.4.1. Europe
3.4.2. Asia
3.4.3. America
3.4.4. Australia
3.4.5. Africa
3.5. Levels Met in Roadside Dusts
3.5.1. Europe
3.5.2. Asia
3.5.3. America
3.5.4. Africa
3.6. Risk Assessment
3.7. Mobile Soil and Dust Fractions
3.7.1. Assignment of Speciation from Selective Leaching
3.7.2. Examples from Europe
3.7.3. Examples from Asia, Australia and America
4. Platinum Metals
4.1. General
4.2. Use of Platinum Group Elements
4.3. The Catalyst Technology
4.4. Pt-Metals in Urban Soils
4.5. Road Dusts
4.6. Solubilities and Mobilities
5. Roadside Flora
5.1. Roadside Trees
5.2. Roadside Herbs
6. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Urban Soil Data
Upper crust | [136] | 8.10 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 7.96 | ||||
sampling year | reference | Sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Digestion | % Al | |
Aberdeen parkland | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 1.39 ± 0.11 |
Aberdeen roadside | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 1.28 ± 0.08 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 1.84/1.02–3.26 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 5–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 2.25/0.96–3.53 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 10–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 2.47/1.03–3.45 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/2004 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 2.77/0.65–4.23 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 3.00/1.00–6.30 |
Tyumen urban soils | 2016 | [64] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 4.56/0.79–6.88 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 5.87/5.13–8.04 |
Danang urban soils | 1995 | [83] | 0–20 | <0.063 | HF/HNO3/HCl | 6.94/3.07–9.37 |
Bangkok urban soils | 1996 | [84] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 1.25/0.14–4.34 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 5.58/4.54–6.22 |
Upper crust | [136] | 5.20 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 4.32 | ||||
sampling year | reference | Sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Digestion | % Fe | |
Aberdeen parkland | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 1.85 ± 0.011 |
Aberdeen roadside | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 1.81 ± 0.08 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 2.49/1.56–3.79 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 5–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 2.76/1.33–4.07 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 10–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 3.03/1.36–4.11 |
Warsaw urban soils | 1996 | [7] | 0–20 | <1 | 450°/HCl | 0.90/0.35–3.10 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/2004 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 3.33/0.87–4.11 |
Sevilla parks-gardens | 2000 | [9] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 2.09/1.45–2.71 |
Vigo parks-gardens | 2013 | [12] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 2.58/1.17–5.20 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 2.32/1.04–3.23 |
Tyumen urban soils | 2016 | [64] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 1.53/0.31–3.36 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 3.29/2.66–4.15 |
Hangzhou industrial | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 3.91 ± 1.43 |
Hangzhou roadside | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 3.05 ± 0.69 |
Hangzhou residential | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 2.89 ± 0.63 |
Hangzhou parks | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 2.80 ± 0.68 |
Danang urban soils | 1995 | [83] | 0–20 | <0.063 | HF/HNO3/HCl | 3.99/1.40–4.48 |
Bangkok urban soils | 1996 | [84] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 1.84/0.39–2.67 |
Sydney roadside soils | 2009 | [36] | 0–10 | <0.425 | HNO3/HCl | 3.11/0.62–4.72 |
Suva(Fiji)roadside soil | 2015 | [88] | 0–5 | none | HNO3/HCl | 3.95/2.93–8.67 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 2.08/1.53–2.81 |
Havana urban soils | 2018 | [51] | horizons | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 2.55 ± 1.00 |
Upper crust | [136] | 654 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 757 | ||||
sampling year | reference | Sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Digestion | P mg/kg | |
Aberdeen parkland | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 957 ± 170 |
Aberdeen roadside | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 861 ± 70 |
Warsaw urban soils | 1996 | [7] | 0–20 | <1 | 450°/HCl | 53/18–163 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/2004 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 796/309–2719 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 1000/400–2600 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 1160/570–1909 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 643/198–8158 |
Upper crust | [136] | |||||
Continental crust | [40] | 11 | ||||
reference | Sampling depth cm | grain size mm | B mg/kg | |||
Tallinn | 1987–90 | [67] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 20/<10–100 |
Vilnius central | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 21.3 |
Vilnius peripheral | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 24.5 |
Siauliai | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 28.7 |
Mazeikiai | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 25.1 |
Joniskis | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 24.9 |
Berlin low-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 14/max 820 |
Berlin high-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 15/max 46 |
Berlin allotment | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 16/max 61 |
Berlin industrial | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 15/max 570 |
Zadar | 2003/04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 19.5/15.3–36.7 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 10/5–17.4 |
Bei**g | 2008 | [78] | 0–20 | fine soil | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 8.1 ± 0.9 |
Continental crust | [40] | 0.07 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | Sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Ag mg/kg | |
Tallinn urban soils | 1987–90 | [67] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 0.15/<0.1–3 |
Vilnius central | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 0.31 |
Vilnius peripheral | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 0.12 |
Siauliai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 0.09 |
Mazeikiai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 0.07 |
Joniskis urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 0.08 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.09/0.02–0.72 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 0.19/0.06–0.72 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 0.30/0.20–0.43 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.2/0.02–15.0 |
Upper crust | [136] | 5.7 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 1.7 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | As mg/kg | |
Trondheim urban soils | 1994 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 2.8/0.5–83 |
Trondheim urban soils | 2004 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | 1/1 HNO3 | 3.3/0.3–23 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 3.5/1.4–15.0 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 5–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 3.9/1.4–16.2 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 10–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 3.9/1.3–23.7 |
Kielce-residential | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 2.3/1.1–3.4 |
Kielce road soils | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 1.2/0.5–2.8 |
Kielce urban greenery | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 2.5/0.3–8.4 |
Kielce allotment gardens | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 2.7/0.3–10.0 |
Kielce agricultural areas | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 1.3/0.5–3.7 |
Berlin low-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | unknown | 3.4/max 58.6 |
Berlin high-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | unknown | 4.3/max 42.3 |
Berlin allotment | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | unknown | 3.7/max 18.7 |
Berlin industrial | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | unknown | 4.1/max 126 |
Vienna roadside soils | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 8.2/3.9–10.5 |
Vienna parks | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 8.8/4.7–12.1 |
Vienna urban soils | 2003 | [16] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 8.1 ± 1.2 |
Novi Sad urban soils | 2017 | [72] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 6.3/2.1–11.1 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003–04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 12.4/5.0–18.7 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 10.4/4.3–17.3 |
Sangareddy urban soils | 2019 | [85] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 3.65/2.3–4.8 |
Tyumen urban soils | 2016 | [64] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 7.7/1.5–81 |
Bei**g parks | 2018 | [79] | 0–5 | <0.125 | HNO3/HCl | 12/1–26 |
**an urban soils | 2016 | [1] | 0–10 | none | XRF | 12.7/7.5–14.5 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 13/9–17 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 9.0/6.7–13.3 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 9.9/6.7–15.6 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 0.16/0.11–0.23 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 2.8/1.7–4.4 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 13/1–46 |
Clay County urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 0.81/0.20–1.68 |
Ocala urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 1.42/0.40–4.78 |
Orlando urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 0.95/0.17–2.41 |
Pensacola urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 3.52/0.86–24.2 |
Tampa urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 1.01/0.05–4.52 |
West Palm Beach urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 1.63/0.26–6.16 |
Havana urban soils | 2018 | [51] | horizons | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 8.11 ± 3.9 |
Ibadan | 2006 | [89] | 0–15 cm | <0.075 | HNO3/HCl | 3.0/<–22 |
Upper crust | [136] | 628 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 584 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Ba mg/kg | |
Aberdeen parkland | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 99 ± 15 |
Aberdeen roadside | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 204 ± 43 |
Tallinn urban soils | 1987–90 | [67] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 250/<100–600 |
Vilnius central | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 433 |
Vilnius peripheral | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 412 |
Siauliai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 381 |
Mazeikiai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 332 |
Joniskis urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 401 |
Kielce residential | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 52/12–129 |
Kielce road soils | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 39/23–58 |
Kielce urban greenery | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 43/7–171 |
Kielce allotment gardens | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 55/16–135 |
Kielce agricultural areas | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 40/8–169 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl 3:1 | 146/115–409 |
Vigo parks-gardens | 2013 | [12] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 528/238–1145 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 284/96–556 |
**an urban soil | 2016 | [1] | 0–10 | none | XRF | 560/495–896 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 470/425–614 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 772/609–854 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 106/39–307 |
Clay County urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 23.4/4.9–52.7 |
Ocala urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 119/23.9–346 |
Orlando urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 20.3/2.0–58.8 |
Pensacola urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 48.1/6.6–322 |
Tampa urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 23.7/4.1–259 |
West Palm Beach urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 29.1/8.1–129 |
Mexico | 2008 | [24] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 505/321–1098 |
Upper crust | [136] | 0.06 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 0.10 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Cd mg/kg | |
Trondheim urban soils | 1994 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.16/<0.01–11.3 |
Trondheim urban soils | 2004 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | 1/1 HNO3 | 0.12/0.002–5.6 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.21/0.08–0.71 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 5–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.21/0.09–0.99 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 10–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.22/0.07–0.40 |
Warsaw urban soils | 1996 | [7] | 0–20 | <1 | 450°/HCl | 1.0/<–5.5 |
Kielce residential | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 0.104/0.001–0.23 |
Kielce road soils | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 0.141/0.032–0.37 |
Kielce urban greenery | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 0.081/0.001–0.21 |
Kielce allotment gardens | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 0.182/0.079–0.49 |
Kielce agricultural areas | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 0.050/0.001–0.19 |
Berlin low-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | unknown | 0.21/max 6.7 |
Berlin high-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | unknown | 0.41/max 20.3 |
Berlin allotment | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | unknown | 0.32/max 2.5 |
Berlin industrial | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | unknown | 0.50/max 131 |
Vienna roadside soils | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 0.6/0.2–3.4 |
Vienna parks | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 0.55/0.3–1.3 |
Vienna urban soils | 2003 | [16] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.5 ± 0.2 |
Sopron urban soils | 2012 | [39] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/H2O2 | 1.62/0.37–6.74 |
Sopron urban soils | 2012 | [39] | 0–20 | none | HNO3/H2O2 | 1.52/0.17–6.14 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 1.06/0.16–3.24 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.42/0.15–1.07 |
Palermo public parks | 2000 | [31] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.68/0.27–1.86 |
Seoul-Uijeongbu urban soils | 1995 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 1.4/0.7–3.8 |
Seoul-Koyang urban soils | 1995 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 2.0/1.3–3.7 |
Shenyang urban soils | 2008 | [77] | 0–5 | <1 | HNO3/HClO4 | 0.04–2.08 |
Bei**g roadside soil | 2008 | [78] | 0–20 | fine soil | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 0.215 ± 0.070 |
Bei**g Parks | 2018 | [79] | 0–5 | <0.125 | HNO3/HCl | 0.47/0.17–0.87 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 0.37/0.11–1.00 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 1.99 ± 0.65 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 1.31 ± 0.29 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 1.08 ± 0.21 |
Hangzhou Parks | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 0.94 ± 0.13 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 0.16/0.10–0.26 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 0.20/0.14–0.41 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 0.16/0.11–0.23 |
Shanghai urban soils | 2006 | [33] | 0–10 | <0.125 | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 0.52/0.19–3.66 |
Hong Kong urban parks | 2000 | [82] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3 | 2.18 ± 1.02 |
Hong Kong Urban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 0.33/0.11–1.36 |
Hong Kong suburban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 0.31/0.23–0.80 |
Hong Kong country park | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 0.32/0.20–0.58 |
Danang urban soils | 1995 | [83] | 0–20 | <0.063 | HF/HNO3/HCl | 0.4/0.1–4.6 |
Bangkok urban soils | 1996 | [84] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 0.15/0.05–2.53 |
Sydney roadside soils | 2009 | [36] | 0–10 | <0.425 | HNO3/HCl | 0.18/0.01–0.49 |
Adelaide garden soils | 2017 | [14] | 0–10 | <20 | HNO3/HClO4/HCl | <0.1/<0.1–0.38 |
Suva(Fiji)roadside soil | 2015 | [88] | 0–5 | none | HNO3/HCl | 3.1/2.0–6.2 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 0.27/0.11–0.59 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.4/0.1–3.0 |
Clay County urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 0.12/0.01–0.58 |
Ocala urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 0.33/0.01–1.21 |
Orlando urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 0.16/0.01–1.60 |
Pensacola urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 0.27/0.01–1.67 |
Tampa urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 0.18/0.01–1.54 |
West Palm Beach urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 0.31/0.03–1.33 |
Havana urban soils | 2018 | [51] | horizons | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.62 ± 0.56 |
Ibadan urban soils | 2006 | [89] | 0–15 | <0.075 | HNO3/HCl | 0.15/0.1–69 |
Upper crust | [136] | 15 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 24 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Co mg/kg | |
Aberdeen parkland | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 6.4 ± 0.7 |
Aberdeen roadside | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 6.2 ± 0.3 |
Tallinn urban soils | 1987–90 | [67] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 5/<3–50 |
Vilnius central | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 3.6 |
Vilnius peripheral | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 3.9 |
Siauliai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 6.2 |
Mazeikiai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 4.1 |
Joniskis urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 5.0 |
Kielce residential | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 1.5/0.5–3.0 |
Kielce road soils | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 1.0/0.5–1.9 |
Kielce urban greenery | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 1.1/0.2–2.5 |
Kielce allotment gardens | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 1.7/0.5–3.7 |
Kielce agricultural areas | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 0.8/0.2–1.6 |
Vienna roadside soils | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 7.8/4.5–9.8 |
Vienna parks | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 8.0/5.2–9.8 |
Vienna urban soils | 2003 | [16] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 7.9 ±1.1 |
Sopron urban soils | 2012 | [39] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/H2O2 | 20.6/3.6–64.2 |
Sopron urban soils | 2012 | [39] | 0–20 | none | HNO3/H2O2 | 21.1/5.4–55.9 |
Szeged urban soils | 2005 | [17] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 3.5/0.2–8.5 |
Novi Sad urban soils | 2017 | [72] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 7.2/3.5–11.2 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 12.9/2.4–19.2 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 8.0/3.8–13.0 |
Palermo public parks | 2000 | [31] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 5.2/1.5–14.8 |
Tyumen urban soils | 2016 | [64] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 19.5/3.5–55.6 |
Seoul-Uijeongbu | 1995 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 9.6/1.2–20 |
Seoul-Koyang | 1995 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 23.2/13.2–39.2 |
**an urban soils | 2016 | [1] | 0–10 | none | XRF | 23.0/13.8–53.0 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 11/9–19 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 15.0/12.1–16.8 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 15.1/12.8–16.4 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 14.4/10.8–17.1 |
Hong Kong Urban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 3.3/0.6–10.9 |
Hong Kong suburban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 2.9/1.7–16.3 |
Hong Kong country park | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 2.7/1.4–8.1 |
Danang urban soils | 1995 | [83] | 0–20 | <0.063 | HF/HNO3/HCl | 17/7–217 |
Suva(Fiji)roadside soil | 2015 | [88] | 0–5 | none | HNO3/HCl | 33/24–38 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 8.1/5.6–11.6 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 7/3–13 |
Clay County urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 0.64/0.11–2.11 |
Ocala urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 1.54/0.32–5.48 |
Orlando urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 0.41/0.07–2.28 |
Pensacola urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 1.04/0.32–1.97 |
Tampa urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 0.51/0.06–1.41 |
West Palm Beach urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 0.78/0.20–2.62 |
Mexico | 2008 | [24] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 19/11–42 |
Havana urban soils | 2018 | [51] | horizons | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 11.7 ± 7.8 |
Upper crust | [136] | 73 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 126 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Cr mg/kg | |
Aberdeen parkland | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 23.9 ± 2.3 |
Aberdeen roadside | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 22.9 ± 2.8 |
Trondheim urban soils | 1994 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 69/8–199 |
Trondheim urban soils | 2004 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | 1/1 HNO3 | 58/23–296 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 32/14–62 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 5–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 38/13–61 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 10–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 43/14 - 65 |
Tallinn urban soils | 1987–90 | [67] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 33/<6–300 |
Vilnius central | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 33.8 |
Vilnius peripheral | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 32.8 |
Siauliai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 41.9 |
Mazeikiai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 32.5 |
Joniskis urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 49.6 |
Warsaw urban soils | 1996 | [7] | 0–20 | <1 | 450°/HCl | 13/5–70 |
Kielce residential | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 7.9/3.2–12.9 |
Kielce road soils | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 6.8/3.8–12.5 |
Kielce urban greenery | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 6.9/1.4–19.1 |
Kielce allotment gardens | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 7.9/2.6–18.4 |
Kielce agricultural areas | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 3.6/0.8–6.8 |
Berlin low-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 22/max 214 |
Berlin high-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 27/max 168 |
Berlin allotment | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 23/max 135 |
Berlin industrial | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 27/max 1840 |
Vienna roadside soils | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 30/10–68 |
Vienna parks | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 26/14–46 |
Vienna urban soils | 2003 | [16] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 36 ± 8 |
Szeged urban soils | 2005 | [17] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 53/41–69 |
Novi Sad urban soils | 2017 | [72] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 28.4/10.6–51 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 80/42–158 |
Torino urban soils | 1999 | [6] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 157/67–870 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 17.2/10.9–35 |
Palermo public parks | 2000 | [31] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 34/12–100 |
Sevilla parks-gardens | 2000 | [9] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 42/24–67 |
Vigo parks-gardens | 2013 | [12] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 65/33–195 |
Tyumen urban soils | 2016 | [64] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 107/25–348 |
Sangareddy urban soil | 2019 | [85] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 198/158–482 |
Seoul-Uijeongbu urban soils | 1995 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 23/4–85 |
Seoul-Koyang urban soils | 1995 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 45/23–85 |
Bei**g roadside soil | 2008 | [78] | 0–20 | fine soil | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 61.9 ± 2.3 |
Bei**g Parks | 2018 | [79] | 0–5 | <0.125 | HNO3/HCl | 53/21–489 |
**an urban soils | 2016 | [1] | 0–10 | none | XRF | 69/58–148 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 71/63–102 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 102/80–153 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 99/85–120 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 95/77–110 |
Shanghai urban soils | 2006 | [33] | 0–10 | <0.125 | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 108/26–233 |
Hong Kong Urban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 16.8/2.6–51.4 |
Hong Kong suburban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 19.7/10.1–49 |
Hong Kong country park | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 20.2/13.7–48 |
Danang urban soils | 1995 | [83] | 0–20 | <0.063 | HF/HNO3/HCl | 104/23–175 |
Bangkok urban soils | 1996 | [84] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 25.4/4.3–57.4 |
Sydney roadside soils | 2009 | [36] | 0–10 | <0.425 | HNO3/HCl | 35/10–79 |
Suva(Fiji)roadside soil | 2015 | [88] | 0–5 | none | HNO3/HCl | 34/14–63 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 43.8/28.8–59 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 37/16–71 |
Clay County urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 9.9/3.5–24.0 |
Ocala urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 56.7/6.4–289 |
Orlando urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 9.6/1.9–28.2 |
Pensacola urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 12.6/6.0–24.4 |
Tampa urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 11.1/1.5–41.5 |
West Palm Beach urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 15.9/5.0–86.9 |
Mexico | 2008 | [24] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 135/65–559 |
Havana urban soils | 2018 | [51] | horizons | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 82.9 ± 119.3 |
Ibadan urban soils | 2006 | [89] | 0–15 | <0.075 | HNO3/HCl | 56/10–436 |
Upper crust | [136] | 27 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 25 | ||||
sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Cu mg/kg | ||
Aberdeen parkland | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 27 ± 64 |
Aberdeen roadside | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 45 ± 11 |
Trondheim urban soils | 1994 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 35/1.7–706 |
Trondheim urban soils | 2004 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | 1/1 HNO3 | 32/5–383 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 25/11–110 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 5–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 26/13–356 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 10–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 26/11–54 |
Tallinn urban soils | 1987–90 | [67] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 35/7–621 |
Vilnius central | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 18.5 |
Vilnius peripheral | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 13.6 |
Siauliai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 17.9 |
Mazeikiai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 11.3 |
Joniskis urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 15.6 |
Warsaw urban soils | 1996 | [7] | 0–20 | <1 | 450°/HCl | 25/7–65 |
Kielce residential | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 8.2/1.8–12.3 |
Kielce road soils | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 13.8/8.7–22.7 |
Kielce urban greenery | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 9.9/0.9–24.1 |
Kielce allotment gardens | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 11.5/3.1–41.9 |
Kielce agricultural areas | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 4.7/0.6–11.1 |
Berlin low-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 19/max 1340 |
Berlin high-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 37/max 3230 |
Berlin allotment | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 25/max 1280 |
Berlin industrial | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 46/max 6470 |
Vienna roadside soils | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 47/17–228 |
Vienna parks | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 46/23–135 |
Vienna urban soils | 2003 | [16] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 39.5 ± 12.5 |
Sopron urban soils | 2012 | [39] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 118/11–1221 |
Sopron urban soils | 2012 | [39] | 0–20 | none | HNO3/H2O2 | 121/11–1449 |
Szeged urban soils | 2005 | [17] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 36/26–88 |
Novi Sad urban soils | 2017 | [72] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 27.7/4.4–459 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 83/43.5–893 |
Torino urban soils | 1999 | [6] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 76/34–283 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 60.6/17.2–181 |
Palermo public parks | 2000 | [31] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 63/10–344 |
Sevilla parks-gardens | 2000 | [9] | 0–20 | <2 | HN O3/HCl | 42/11–374 |
Vigo parks-gardens | 2013 | [12] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 62/23–208 |
Tyumen urban soils | 2016 | [64] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 39/5–224 |
Sangareddy urban soils | 2019 | [85] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 112/84–214 |
Seoul Uijeongbu urban soils | 1996 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 37/10–283 |
Seoul Koyang urban soils | 1996 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 48/26–220 |
Shenyang urban soils | 2008 | [77] | 0–5 | <1 | HNO3/HClO4 | 33/19–275 |
Bei**g roadside soil | 2006 | [78] | 0–20 | fine soil | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 29.7 ± 5.7 |
Bei**g Parks | 2018 | [79] | 0–5 | <0.125 | HNO3/HCl | 32/15–91 |
**an urban soils | 2016 | [1] | 0–10 | none | XRF | 29.4/22.2–97 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 32/17–80 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 58 ± 35 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 50 ± 27 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 38 ± 20 |
Hangzhou Parks | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 52 ± 31 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 30/20–55 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 30/25–49 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 26/20–31 |
Shanghai urban soils | 2006 | [33] | 0–10 | <0.125 | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 59/23–152 |
Hong Kong Urban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 10.4/1.3–277 |
Hong Kong suburban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 4.9/1.4–89 |
Hong Kong country park | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 4.8/2.0–20.2 |
Danang urban soils | 1995 | [83] | 0–20 | <0.063 | HF/HNO3/HCl | 56/37–208 |
Bangkok urban soils | 1996 | [84] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 27/5–283 |
Sydney roadside soils | 2009 | [36] | 0–10 | <0.425 | HNO3/HCl | 69/6–225 |
Adelaide garden soils | 2017 | [14] | 0–10 | <20 | HNO3/HClO4/HCl | 25.2/0.3–183 |
Lithgow roadside soils | 2011 | [49] | 0–2 | <0.18 | XRF | 39/16–509 |
Lithgow roadside soils | 2011 | [49] | 0–2 | <2 | XRF | 28/11–682 |
Suva(Fiji)roadside soil | 2015 | [88] | 0–5 | none | HNO3/HCl | 266/120–847 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 12.1/6.3–19.4 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 46/14–348 |
Clay County urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 5.4/1.0–32.5 |
Ocala urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 6.6/1.4–25.5 |
Orlando urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 9.8/1.4–104 |
Pensacola urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 10.4/2.8–29.9 |
Tampa urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 7.8/0.9–43.8 |
West Palm Beach urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 19.9/2.0–75.9 |
Mexico | 2008 | [24] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 93/26–461 |
Havana urban soils | 2018 | [51] | horizons | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 73.5 ± 37.5 |
Ibadan urban soils | 2006 | [89] | 0–15 | <0.075 | aqua regia | 32/7–248 |
Continental crust | [40] | 0.040 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Hg mg/kg | |
Trondheim urban soils | 1994 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.13/0.02–4.5 |
Trondheim urban soils | 2004 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | 1/1 HNO3 | 0.09/0.02–2.2 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.14/<–3.66 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 5–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.15/<–5.41 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 10–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.13/<–1.11 |
Berlin low-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | unknown | 0.10/max 5.0 |
Berlin high-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | unknown | 0.34/max 3.5 |
Berlin allotment | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | unknown | 0.17/max 5.0 |
Berlin industrial | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | unknown | 0.21/max 71.2 |
Vienna roadside soils | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 0.3/0.1–1.7 |
Vienna parks | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 0.5/0.1–4.1 |
Vienna urban soils | 2003 | [16] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.15 ±0.11 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.25/0.17–1.15 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.056/0.021–0.256 |
Palermo public parks | 2000 | [31] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.68/0.04–6.96 |
Bei**g Parks | 2018 | [79] | 0–5 | <0.125 | HNO3/HCl | 0.44/0.1–15.2 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 0.17/0.02–0.83 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 0.12/0.05–0.40 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 0.09/0.06–0.19 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 0.12/0.06–0.28 |
Lithgow roadside soils | 2011 | [49] | 0–2 | <0.18 | Cold vapour | 0.044/0.019–14.9 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 0.048/0.018–0.111 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.3/0.1–1.0 |
Havana urban soils | 2018 | [51] | horizons | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.51 ± 0.57 |
Upper crust | [136] | 774 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 716 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Mn mg/kg | |
Aberdeen parkland | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 286 ± 52 |
Aberdeen roadside | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 264 ± 24 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 494/199–833 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 5–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 526/162–940 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 10–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 573/145–968 |
Tallinn urban soils | 1987–90 | [67] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 320/76–1750 |
Vilnius central | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 427 |
Vilnius peripheral | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 558 |
Siauliai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 478 |
Mazeikiai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 329 |
Joniskis urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 418 |
Warsaw urban soils | 1996 | [7] | 0–20 | <1 | 450°/HCl | 280/18–992 |
Kielce residential | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 657/84–1804 |
Kielce road soils | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 330/96–711 |
Kielce urban greenery | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 365/39–1308 |
Kielce allotment gardens | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 616/122–1674 |
Kielce agricultural areas | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 441/99–1303 |
Novi Sad urban soils | 2017 | [73] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 364/200–623 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 871/142–1334 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 716/302–1095 |
Palermo public parks | 2000 | [31] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 519/142–1241 |
Sevilla parks-gardens | 2000 | [9] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 468/335–893 |
Vigo parks-gardens | 2013 | [12] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 517/168–879 |
**an urban soils | 2016 | [1] | 0–10 | none | XRF | 662/425–1126 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 507/430–902 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 931/698–2240 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 816/598–1150 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 861/703–1300 |
Danang urban soils | 1995 | [83] | 0–20 | <0.063 | HF/HNO3/HCl | 387/155–775 |
Bangkok urban soils | 1996 | [84] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 290/50–810 |
Sydney roadside soils | 2009 | [36] | 0–10 | <0.425 | HNO3/HCl | 750/16–2460 |
Adelaide garden soils | 2017 | [14] | 0–10 | <20 | HNO3/HClO4/HCl | 169/0.1–750 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 532/320–718 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 406/19–3117 |
Havana urban soils | 2018 | [51] | horizons | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 578 ± 235 |
Ibadan urban soils | 2006 | [89] | 0–15 | <0.075 | HNO3/HCl | 993/114–3053 |
Upper crust | [136] | 0.6 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 1.1 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Mo mg/kg | |
Tallinn urban soils | 1987–90 | [67] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 1.5/<1–30 |
Vilnius central | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 1.01 |
Vilnius peripheral | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 0.83 |
Siauliai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 0.72 |
Mazeikiai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 0.64 |
Joniskis urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 0.86 |
Vienna roadside soils | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 0.9/0.6–6.4 |
Vienna parks | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 0.9/0.6–1.8 |
Vienna urban soils | 2003 | [16] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.8 ±0.2 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.97/0.40–5.77 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 1.78/0.74–4.37 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 1.2/0.7–2.5 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 0.60/0.30–1.26 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 2.0/0.4–6.0 |
Ibadan urban soils | 2006 | [89] | 0–15 | <0.075 | HNO3/HCl | 1.4/0.1–35 |
Upper crust | [136] | 34 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 56 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Ni mg/kg | |
Aberdeen parkland | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 14.9 ± 1.6 |
Aberdeen roadside | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 15.9 ± 1.7 |
Trondheim urban soils | 1994 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 45/6–231 |
Trondheim urban soils | 2004 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | 1/1 HNO3 | 43/17–153 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 19/7–39 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 5–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 21/6–57 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 10–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 23/7–43 |
Tallinn urban soils | 1987–90 | [67] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 15/4–65 |
Vilnius central | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 14.1 |
Vilnius peripheral | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 12.5 |
Siauliai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 14.6 |
Mazeikiai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 13.9 |
Joniskis urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 13.8 |
Kielce residential | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 6.4/2.0–13.7 |
Kielce road soils | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 5.2/3.1–9.9 |
Kielce urban greenery | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 5.2/1.2–11.7 |
Kielce allotment gardens | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 5.0/1.5–9.8 |
Kielce agricultural areas | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 2.5/0.6–5.9 |
Berlin low-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 5.8/max 91 |
Berlin high-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 9.0/max 45 |
Berlin allotment | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 6.1/max 51 |
Berlin industrial | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 8.7/max 769 |
Vienna roadside soils | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 31/20–45 |
Vienna parks | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 29/21–38 |
Vienna urban soils | 2003 | [16] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 28 ±4 |
Sopron urban soils | 2012 | [39] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/H2O2 | 26/6–99 |
Sopron urban soils | 2012 | [39] | 0–20 | none | HNO3/H2O2 | 25/4–71 |
Szeged urban soils | 2005 | [17] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 34/17–44 |
Novi Sad urban soils | 2017 | [72] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 27.7/10.2–74 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 62/35–120 |
Torino urban soils | 1999 | [6] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 175/103–790 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 15.3/9.9–29.3 |
Palermo public parks | 2000 | [31] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 17.8/7.0–38.6 |
Sevilla | 2000 | [9] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 23/16–32 |
Vigo parks-gardens | 2013 | [12] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 32.0/11.5–60 |
Tyumen urban soils | 2016 | [64] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 44/5–283 |
Sangareddy urban soils | 2019 | [85] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 31.5/19–51 |
Seoul-Uijeongbu urban soils | 1995 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 20/8–130 |
Seoul-Koyang urban soils | 1995 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 45/24–81 |
Bei**g Roadside soil | 2008 | [78] | 0–20 | fine soil | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 26.7 ±2.4 |
Bei**g Parks | 2018 | [79] | 0–5 | <0.125 | HNO3/HCl | 27/18–39 |
**an urban soils | 2016 | [1] | 0–10 | none | XRF | 31.1/21.7–34.6 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 30/25–54 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 43/31–74 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 39/32–46 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 37/28–43 |
Shanghai urban soils | 2006 | [33] | 0–10 | <0.125 | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 31/5–66 |
Hong Kong Urban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 3.7/0.2–19.9 |
Hong Kong suburban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 3.1/1.3–6.8 |
Hong Kong country park | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 4.8/1.8–9.6 |
Danang urban soils | 1995 | [83] | 0–20 | <0.063 | HF/HNO3/HCl | 15/9–68 |
Bangkok urban soils | 1996 | [84] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 23/4–52 |
Sydney roadside soils | 2009 | [36] | 0–10 | <0.425 | HNO3/HCl | 147/27–242 |
Adelaide garden soils | 2017 | [14] | 0–10 | <20 | HNO3/HClO4/HCl | 7.8/<0.03–32.6 |
Suva(Fiji)roadside soil | 2015 | [88] | 0–5 | none | HNO3/HCl | 32/22–66 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 15.8/10.5–23.1 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 29/8–97 |
Clay County urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 2.5/0.9–4.4 |
Ocala urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 8.7/2.8–29.9 |
Orlando urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 2.3/0.3–5.0 |
Pensacola urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 4.2/1.8–8.9 |
Tampa urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 3.0/0.5–10.3 |
West Palm Beach urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 3.1/1.2–7.9 |
Mexico | 2008 | [24] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 49/29–151 |
Havana urban soils | 2018 | [51] | horizons | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 72.1± 131 |
Ibadan urban soils | 2006 | [59] | 0–15 | <0.075 | HNO3/HCl | 16.5/7–118 |
Upper crust | [136] | 17 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 14.8 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Pb mg/kg | |
Aberdeen parkland | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 94 ± 216 |
Aberdeen roadside | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 173 ± 34 |
Trondheim urban soils | 1994 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 35/9–976 |
Trondheim urban soils | 2004 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | 1/1 HNO3 | 32/16–1025 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 26/9–358 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 5–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 25/9–163 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 10–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 26/10–160 |
Tallinn urban soils | 1987–1990 | [67] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 50/<6–602 |
Vilnius central | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 51.6 |
Vilnius peripheral | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 24.8 |
Siauliai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 29.6 |
Mazeikiai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 15.3 |
Joniskis urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 33.9 |
Kielce residential | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 34/6.4–95 |
Kielce road soils | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 29/9–45 |
Kielce urban greenery | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 36/1–102 |
Kielce allotment gardens | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 23/7–103 |
Kielce agricultural areas | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 9.9/4.7–28.9 |
Berlin low-D residential | 1993–1996 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 50/max 2070 |
Berlin high-D residential | 1993–1996 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 109/max 1490 |
Berlin allotment | 1993–1996 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 62/max 722 |
Berlin industrial | 1993–1996 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 87/max 4710 |
Vienna roadside soils | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 86/20–354 |
Vienna parks | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 86/38–243 |
Vienna urban soils | 2003 | [16] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 64 ± 27 |
Sopron urban soils | 2012 | [39] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/H2O2 | 125/28–559 |
Sopron urban soils | 2012 | [39] | 0–20 | none | HNO3/H2O2 | 120/25–287 |
Szeged urban soils | 2005 | [17] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 40/23–136 |
Novi Sad urban soils | 2017 | [72] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 49/9–999 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/2004 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 80/44–553 |
Torino urban soils | 1999 | [6] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 117/31–870 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 67/16–538 |
Palermo public parks | 2000 | [31] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 202/57–682 |
Sevilla parks-gardens | 2000 | [9] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 103/14–791 |
Vigo parks-gardens | 2013 | [12] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 82/34–259 |
Tyumen urban soils | 2016 | [64] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 19.6/8–430 |
Sangareddy urban soils | 2019 | [85] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 17/3–32 |
Seoul-Uijeongbu urban soils | 1995 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 57/28–444 |
Seoul-Koyang urban soils | 1995 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 67/36–956 |
Shenyang urban soils | 2008 | [77] | 0–5 | <1 | HNO3/HClO4 | 48/0.1–340 |
Bei**g roadside soil | 2008 | [78] | 0–20 | fine soil | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 35.4 ± 13.5 |
Bei**g Parks | 2018 | [79] | 0–5 | <0.125 | HNO3/HCl | 33/8–92 |
**an urban soils | 2016 | [1] | 0–10 | none | XRF | 32.2/20.6–70.7 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 36/16–120 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 139 ± 107 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 95 ± 81 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 91 ± 71 |
Hangzhou Parks | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 56 ± 39 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 29/21–70 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 30/25–39 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 27/20–45 |
Shanghai urban soils | 2006 | [33] | 0–10 | <0.125 | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 71/14–192 |
Hong Kong urban parks | 2000 | [82] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3 | 93 ± 37 |
Hong Kong Urban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 71/8–496 |
Hong Kong Suburban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 49/16–161 |
Hong Kong country park | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 37/11–124 |
Danang urban soils | 1995 | [83] | 0–20 | <0.063 | HF/HNO3/HCl | 1.8/0.4–20.1 |
Bangkok urban soils | 1996 | [84] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 29/12–269 |
Sydney roadside soils | 2009 | [36] | 0–10 | <0.425 | HNO3/HCl | 64/24–198 |
Adelaide garden soils | 2017 | [14] | 0–10 | <20 | HNO3/HClO4/HCl | 30/<0.1–268 |
Lithgow roadside soils | 2011 | [49] | 0–2 | <0.18 | XRF | 46/<5–3490 |
Lithgow roadside soils | 2011 | [49] | 0–2 | <2 | XRF | 27/<5–3200 |
Suva(Fiji) roadside soil | 2015 | [88] | 0–5 | none | HNO3/HCl | 59/21–135 |
Ottawa Parks | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 33.8/15.6–205 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 178/40–730 |
Clay County urban soils | 2016/2018 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 28.4/5.5–165 |
Ocala urban soils | 2016/2018 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 35.9/5.3–271 |
Orlando urban soils | 2016/2018 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 18.7/1.8–245 |
Pensacola urban soils | 2016/2018 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 86.3/5.2–466 |
Tampa urban soils | 2016/2018 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 38.4/2.3–552 |
West Palm Beach urban soils | 2016/2018 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 53.7/4.3–433 |
Mexico | 2008 | [24] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 116/15–693 |
Havana urban soils | 2018 | [51] | horizons | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 73.5 ± 79.4 |
Ibadan urban soils | 2006 | [89] | 0–15 | <0.075 | HNO3/HCl | 47/9–648 |
Upper crust | [136] | 0.4 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 0.30 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Sb mg/kg | |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 0.87/0.41–10.02 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 1.22/0.38–7.57 |
Palermo public parks | 2000 | [31] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 3.0/1.1–15.7 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 0.96/0.79–1.60 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 0.22/0.11–1.00 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 2.0/0.4–6.0 |
Upper crust | [136] | 2.2 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 2.3 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Sn mg/kg | |
Tallinn urban soils | 1987–90 | [67] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 3/<1–4 |
Vilnius central | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 4.39 |
Vilnius peripheral | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 2.87 |
Siauliai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 2.98 |
Mazeikiai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 2.35 |
Joniskis urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 3.11 |
Berlin low-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 3.4/max 267 |
Berlin high-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 8.6/max 150 |
Berlin allotment | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 4.9/max 112 |
Berlin industrial | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 7.4/max 409 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 8.6/6.5–19.2 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 4.6/1.3–15.2 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 4.2/2.2–11 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 1.32/0.77–2.65 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 9/2–41 |
Upper Crust | [136] | 106 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 98 | ||||
sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | V mg/kg | ||
Tallinn urban soils | 1987–90 | [67] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 30/6–90 |
Vilnius central | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 27 |
Vilnius peripheral | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 32 |
Siauliai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 36 |
Mazeikiai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 40 |
Joniskis urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 44 |
Vienna roadside soils | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 30/17–45 |
Vienna parks | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 28/19–41 |
Vienna urban soils | 2003 | [16] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 34 ± 5 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/2004 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 99/29–125 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 55/26.2–92.2 |
Palermo public parks | 2000 | [31] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 54/21–124 |
Tyumen urban soils | 2016 | [64] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 95/5–162 |
**an urban soils | 2016 | [1] | 0–10 | none | XRF | 79/54–90 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 72/5–101 |
Danang urban soils | 1995 | [83] | 0–20 | <0.063 | HF/HNO3/HCl | 101/21–119 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 82/8–355 |
Mexico | 2008 | [24] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 186/60–229 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 46/29–71 |
Upper crust | [136] | 75 | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 65 | ||||
Location | sampling year | reference | sampling depth cm | grain size mm | Zn mg/kg | |
Aberdeen parkland | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 58 ± 8 |
Aberdeen roadside | 1994 | [65] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 113 ± 15 |
Trondheim urban soils | 1994 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 98/7–3420 |
Trondheim urban soils | 2004 | [66] | 0–2 | <2 | 1/1 HNO3 | 80/4–1056 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 84/45–149 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 5–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 90/38–245 |
Uppsala | 2003 | [8] | 10–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 99/27–191 |
Tallinn urban soils | 1987–90 | [67] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 114/11–1560 |
Vilnius central | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 136 |
Vilnius peripheral | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 99 |
Siauliai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 107 |
Mazeikiai urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 39 |
Joniskis urban soils | 2000 | [68] | 0–10 | <1 | DC-arc | 76 |
Warsaw urban soils | 1996 | [7] | 0–20 | <1 | 450°/HCl | 140/20–426 |
Kielce residential | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 91/19–274 |
Kielce road soils | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 87/39–235 |
Kielce urban greenery | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 58/7–193 |
Kielce allotment gardens | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 107/27–290 |
Kielce agricultural areas | 2016 | [69] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3 (HF?) | 28/9–50 |
Berlin low-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 85/max 3160 |
Berlin high-D residential | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 163/max 6040 |
Berlin allotment | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 121/max 3160 |
Berlin industrial | 1993–96 | [29] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 169/max 25210 |
Vienna roadside soils | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 157/77–688 |
Vienna parks | 1997 | [70] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 156/84–374 |
Vienna urban soils | 2003 | [16] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 141 ± 43 |
Sopron urban soils | 2012 | [39] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/H2O2 | 133/27–607 |
Sopron urban soils | 2012 | [39] | 0–20 | none | HNO3/H2O2 | 102/16–579 |
Szeged urban soils | 2005 | [17] | 0–10 | none | HNO3/HCl | 203/137–228 |
Novi Sad urban soils | 2017 | [72] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 101/46–194 |
Zadar urban soils | 2003/04 | [73] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 191/76–932 |
Torino urban soils | 1999 | [6] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 149/78–545 |
Salerno urban soils | 2018 | [75] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 129/47–633 |
Palermo public parks | 2000 | [31] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 138/52–433 |
Sevilla parks-gardens | 2000 | [9] | 0–20 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 86/26–450 |
Vigo parks-gardens | 2013 | [12] | 0–20 | <2 | XRF | 150/59–234 |
Tyumen urban soils | 2016 | [64] | 0–10 | <1 | XRF | 70/5–368 |
Sangareddy urban soils | 2019 | [85] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 104/84–134 |
Seoul-Uijeongbu urban soils | 1995 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 164/60–864 |
Seoul-Koyang urban soils | 1995 | [58] | 0–15 | <0.18 | HNO3/HClO4 | 189/87–1400 |
Shenyang urban soils | 2008 | [77] | 0–5 | <1 | HNO3/HClO4 | 115/61–265 |
Bei**g roadside soil | 2008 | [78] | 0–20 | fine soil | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 92 ± 19 |
Bei**g Parks | 2018 | [79] | 0–5 | <0.125 | HNO3/HCl | 137/69–288 |
**an urban soils | 2016 | [1] | 0–10 | none | XRF | 90/63–245 |
Xuzhou urban soils | 2004 | [80] | 0–10 | <2 | HF/HNO3/HCl-XRF | 102/53–380 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 346 ± 314 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 215 ± 121 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 211 ± 74 |
Hangzhou Parks | 2009 | [23] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 94 ± 61 |
Hangzhou Industrial | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 103/72–187 |
Hangzhou Roadside | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 108/89–165 |
Hangzhou Residential | 2019 | [63] | 0–30 | <0.15 | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 95/68–119 |
Shanghai urban soils | 2006 | [33] | 0–10 | <0.125 | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 301/103–1025 |
Hong Kong urban parks | 2000 | [82] | 0–10 | <2 | HNO3 | 168 ± 75 |
Hong Kong Urban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 78/23–930 |
Hong Kong suburban | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 52/26–173 |
Hong Kong country park | 2004 | [81] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 44/25–136 |
Danang urban soils | 1995 | [83] | 0–20 | <0.063 | HF/HNO3/HCl | 81/48–465 |
Bangkok urban soils | 1996 | [84] | 0–5 | <2 | HNO3/HClO4 | 38/3–814 |
Sydney roadside soil | 2009 | [36] | 0–10 | <0.425 | HNO3/HCl | 152/71–238 |
Adelaide garden soils | 2017 | [14] | 0–10 | <20 | HNO3/HClO4/HCl | 103/<0.6–662 |
Lithgow roadside soil | 2011 | [49] | 0–2 | <0.18 | XRF | 120/40–2170 |
Lithgow roadside soil | 2011 | [49] | 0–2 | <2 | XRF | 97/34–4950 |
Suva(Fiji) roadside soil | 2015 | [88] | 0–5 | none | HNO3/HCl | 507/60–1617 |
Ottawa garden soils | 1993 | [86] | 0–5 | 0.1–0.25 | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 100/50–223 |
New York Parks | 1999 | [20] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 81/19–300 |
Clay County urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 32.6/5.8–158 |
Ocala urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 48.3/6.0–297 |
Orlando urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 37.0/0.6–253 |
Pensacola urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 69.8/7.6–331 |
Tampa urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 67.2/4.8–1001 |
West Palm Beach urban soils | 2016/18 | [87] | 0–15 | <2 | HNO3/H2O2 | 70.9/9.5–383 |
Mexico | 2008 | [24] | 0–10 | <0.074 | XRF | 447/95–1890 |
Havana urban soils | 2018 | [51] | horizons | <2 | HNO3/HCl | 126 + 88 |
Ibadan urban soils | 2006 | [89] | 0–15 | <0.075 | HNO3/HCl | 94/28–2643 |
Appendix B. Urban Dust Data
Upper crust | [136] | 8.10 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 7.96 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Digestion | % Al | |
Budapest city | 2003/2004 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 0.85/0.43–1.02 |
Chelyabinsk | 2017 | [92] | <1 mm | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 0.85/0.56–1.20 |
Seoul | 2004/05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 1.82/1.30–2.21 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 4.77/1.22–5.81 |
Buenos Aires | 2009 | [35] | <0.1 mm | HNO3-HCl-HF | 3.09/1.56–3.87 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O | 0.47/0.28–0.88 |
Upper crust | [136] | 5.20 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 4.32 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Digestion | % Fe | |
Budapest city | 2004/2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 2.48/1.53–8.75 |
Chelyabinsk | 2017 | [92] | <1 mm | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 1.48/1.01–2.33 |
Dhaka industrial + old | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 3.50 ± 2.61 |
Dhaka commercial | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 2.82 ± 0.49 |
Dhaka residential | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 2.41 ± 0.29 |
Dhaka residential-low-traffic | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 2.22 ± 0.33 |
Seoul | 2004/05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 3.63/2.57–3.79 |
Sydney | 2009 | [36] | <0.425 mm | HNO3/HCl | 8.52/2.20–10.30 |
Suva(Fiji) | 2015 | [88] | none | HNO3/HCl | 4.10/2.61–10.48 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 1.80/0.73–2.77 |
Buenos Aires | 2009 | [35] | <0.1 mm | HNO3-HCl-HF | 3.35/2.80–4.11 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O | 1.11/0.80–2.01 |
Upper crust | [136] | 5.7 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 1.7 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | As mg/kg | ||
Budapest city | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 11.6/8.2–15.8 |
Chelyabinsk | 2017 | [92] | <1 mm | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 3.8/1.6–7.9 |
Dhaka industrial + old | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 7 ± 2.2 |
Dhaka commercial | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 8 ± 3.1 |
Dhaka residential | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 5 ± 0.9 |
Dhaka residential-low traffic | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 4 ± 0.3 |
Seoul | 2004–2005 | [98] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 24.9/15.2–31.2 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 1.4/<–2.5 |
Buenos Aires | 2009 | [35] | <0.1 mm | HNO3-HCl-HF | 5.5/2.3–11.0 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 4.9/3.5–7.8 |
Upper crust | [136] | ||||
Continental crust | [40] | 11 | |||
reference | B mg/kg | ||||
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 8/3–16 |
Upper crust | [136] | 628 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 584 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Ba mg/kg | ||
Oslo | 1994 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 526 ± 14 |
Budapest city | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 304/137–961 |
Seoul | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 570/217–716 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 584/153–687 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 121/68–363 |
Upper crust | [136] | 0.06 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 0.10 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Cd mg/kg | ||
Oslo | 1994 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 1.4 ± 0.2 |
Budapest city | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 0.81/0.39–1.89 |
Murcia | 2010 | [96] | <2 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 0.67 ± 0.16 |
Samsun residential-low traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 0.30/0.19–0.40 |
Samsun residential-high traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 0.23/0.02–0.65 |
Samsun industrial | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 1.47/0.04–6.16 |
Chelyabinsk | 2017 | [92] | <1 mm | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 0.4/0.06–2.00 |
Delhi | 2009 | [90] | <0.075 mm | unknown | 2.65/1.9–3.8 |
Seoul before rainy season | 1996 | [76] | <0.18 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 1.5/0.4–3.1 |
Seoul urban soils | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 3.45/1.40–6.65 |
Shanghai | 2006 | [33] | <0.125 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 1.23/0.36–4.72 |
Hong Kong | 2000 | [82] | <2 mm | HNO3 | 3.77 ± 2.25 |
Sydney | 2009 | [36] | <0.425 mm | HNO3/HCl | 0.73/0.24–1.72 |
Suva(Fiji) | 2015 | [88] | none | HNO3/HCl | 3.7/2.4–12.2 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 0.30/0.08–0.79 |
Buenos Aires | 2009 | [35] | <0.1 mm | HNO3-HCl-HF | 2.1/0.5–3.9 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 1.1/0.7–4.0 |
Upper crust | [136] | 15 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 24 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Co mg/kg | ||
Oslo | 1994 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 19 ± 0.5 |
Budapest city | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 7.9/4.8–12.6 |
Madrid | 1990 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 3 ± 0.6 |
Samsun residential-low traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 7.3/5.1–9.7 |
Samsun residential-high traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 8.1/4.9–10.2 |
Samsun industrial | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 8.9/4.5–41.7 |
Chelyabinsk | 2017 | [92] | <1 mm | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 6.3/4.5–8.3 |
Seoul before rainy season | 1996 | [76] | <0.18 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 11.5/3.6–61 |
Seoul | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 17.9/15.4–87.6 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 8.65/2.31–11.15 |
Suva(Fiji) | 2015 | [88] | none | HNO3/HCl | 35/27–58 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 2.7/1.9–7.0 |
Upper crust | [136] | 73 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 126 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Cr mg/kg | ||
Budapest city | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 65.5/37.4–121 |
Madrid | 1990 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 61 ± 7 |
Chelyabinsk | 2017 | [92] | <1 mm | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 49/23–95 |
Delhi | 2009 | [90] | <0.075 mm | unknown | 149/56–500 |
Dhaka industrial + old | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 136 ± 35 |
Dhaka commercial | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 105 ± 17 |
Dhaka residential | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 99 ± 17 |
Dhaka residential-low traffic | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 77 ± 14 |
Seoul before rainy season | 1996 | [76] | <0.18 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 36/10–420 |
Seoul | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 130/104–195 |
Shanghai | 2006 | [33] | <0.125 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 159/18–1325 |
Sydney | 2009 | [36] | <0.425 mm | HNO3/HCl | 152/49–486 |
Suva(Fiji) | 2015 | [88] | none | HNO3/HCl | 40/21–82 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 42/14.7–63.9 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 26/17–37 |
Upper crust | [136] | 27 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 25 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Cu mg/kg | ||
Oslo | 1994 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 123 ± 13 |
Budapest city | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 236/144–352 |
Madrid | 1990 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 188 ± 24 |
Murcia | 2010 | [96] | <2 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 130± 39 |
Samsun residential-low traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 46/12–69 |
Samsun residential-high traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 101/33–203 |
Samsun industrial | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 158/20–352 |
Chelyabinsk | 2017 | [92] | <1 mm | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 56/15–218 |
Delhi | 2009 | [90] | <0.075 mm | unknown | 192/87–499 |
Dhaka industrial + old | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 105 ± 110 |
Dhaka commercial | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 46 ± 19 |
Dhaka residential | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 22 ± 9 |
Dhaka residential-low traffic | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 14 ± 6.6 |
Seoul before rainy season | 1996 | [76] | <0.18 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 73/12–1860 |
Seoul after rainy season | 1996 | [76] | <0.18 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 63/12–225 |
Seoul | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 | HNO3/HCl | 351/302–478 |
Shanghai | 2006 | [33] | <0.125 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 197/17–1175 |
Hong Kong | 2000 | [82] | <2 mm | HNO3 | 173 ± 190 |
Sydney | 2009 | [36] | <0.425 mm | HNO3/HCl | 544/314–730 |
Suva(Fiji) | 2015 | [88] | none | HNO3/HCl | 172/59–328 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 30/4.8–236 |
Buenos Aires | 2009 | [35] | <0.1 mm | HNO3-HCl-HF | 273/124–602 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 39/18–118 |
Upper crust | [136] | 0.05 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 0.04 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Hg mg/kg | ||
Budapest city | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 0.13/0.07–0.22 |
Chelyabinsk | 2017 | [92] | <1 mm | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 2.0/<–4.8 |
Seoul | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 0.45/0.27–0.58 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 0.018/0.004–0.096 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 0.11/0.03–0.57 |
Upper crust | [136] | 774 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 716 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Mn mg/kg | ||
Oslo | 1994 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 833 ± 16 |
Budapest city | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 417/345–1011 |
Madrid | 1990 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 362 ± 13 |
Samsun residential-low traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 147/134–179 |
Samsun residential-high traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 161/140–166 |
Samsun industrial | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 162/133–171 |
Chelyabinsk | 2017 | [92] | <1 mm | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 421/226–739 |
Seoul | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 639/541–681 |
Sydney | 2009 | [36] | <0.425 mm | HNO3/HCl | 1276/489–3966 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 426/145–582 |
Buenos Aires | 2009 | [35] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HCl/HF | 622/464–906 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 238/157–728 |
Upper crust | [136] | 0.6 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 1.1 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Mo mg/kg | ||
Oslo | 1994 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 4 ± 0.3 |
Budapest city | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 5.00/1.25–8.76 |
Seoul | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 13.7/6.7–18.6 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 1.38/0.38–2.16 |
Buenos Aires | 2009 | [35] | <0.1 mm | HNO3-HCl-HF | 3.6/2.4–7.2 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 1.9/1.2–6.3 |
Upper crust | [136] | 34 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 56 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Ni mg/kg | ||
Oslo | 1994 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 41 ± 1 |
Budapest city | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 27.5/19.2–50 |
Madrid | 1990 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 44 ± 5 |
Samsun residential-low traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 69/33–323 |
Samsun residential-high traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 51/25–121 |
Samsun industrial | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 39/19–97 |
Chelyabinsk | 2017 | [92] | <1 mm | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 21.9/13.2–52 |
Delhi | 2009 | [90] | <0.075 mm | unknown | 36/27–62 |
Dhaka industrial + old | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 35 ± 14 |
Dhaka commercial | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 26 ± 4.7 |
Dhaka residential | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 23 ± 4.2 |
Dhaka residential-low traffic | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 24 ± 2.5 |
Seoul before rainy season | 1996 | [76] | <0.18 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 30/10–742 |
Seoul | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 62/42–109 |
Shanghai | 2006 | [33] | <0.125 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 84/8–1251 |
Sydney | 2009 | [36] | <0.425 mm | HNO3/HCl | 69/20–208 |
Suva(Fiji) | 2015 | [88] | none | HNO3/HCl | 54/32–110 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 14.6/4.7–19.4 |
Buenos Aires | 2009 | [35] | <0.1 mm | HNO3-HCl-HF | 26.2/10.3–35.4 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 9.7/6.2–32 |
Upper crust | [136] | 654 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 757 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | P mg/kg | ||
Oslo | 1994 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 1086 ± 50 |
Budapest city | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 927/550–1469 |
Dhaka industrial + old | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 1220 ± 437 |
Dhaka commercial | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 873 ± 131 |
Dhaka residential | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 873 ± 262 |
Dhaka residential-low traffic | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 742 ± 87 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 606/344–875 |
Seoul | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 1088/748–1481 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 1180/580–2210 |
Upper crust | [136] | 17 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 14.8 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Pb mg/kg | ||
Oslo | 1994 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 180 ±14 |
Budapest city | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 408/49–1891 |
Madrid | 1990 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 1927 ± 508 |
Murcia | 2010 | [96] | <2 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 123 ± 21 |
Chelyabinsk | 2017 | [92] | <1 mm | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 21.9/13.2–52.2 |
Samsun residential-low traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 12.7/5.5–25.7 |
Samsun residential-high traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 36/12–94 |
Samsun industrial | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 48/13–224 |
Delhi | 2009 | [90] | <0.075 mm | unknown | 121/69–316 |
Dhaka | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 54 ± 19 |
Dhaka industrial + old | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 74 ±36 |
Dhaka commercial | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 35 ± 8 |
Dhaka residential | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 25 ± 5 |
Seoul before rainy season | 1996 | [58] | <0.18 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 80/22–27000 |
Seoul after rainy season | 1996 | [58] | <0.18 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 58/20–199 |
Seoul | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 214/130–284 |
Shanghai | 2006 | [33] | <0.125 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 295/28–4443 |
Hong Kong | 2000 | [82] | <2 mm | HNO3 | 181 ± 93 |
Sydney | 2009 | [36] | <0.425 mm | HNO3/HCl | 119/36–379 |
Suva(Fiji) | 2015 | [88] | none | HNO3/HCl | 54/32–110 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 33/12.6–85 |
Buenos Aires | 2009 | [35] | <0.1 mm | HNO3-HCl-HF | 296/168–405 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 306/74–1856 |
Upper crust | [136] | 0.4 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 0.30 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Sb mg/kg | ||
Oslo | 1994 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 6 ± 0.5 |
Budapest city | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 10.3/2.8–20.4 |
Chelyabinsk | 2017 | [92] | <1 mm | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 1.33/<–2.2 |
Seoul | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 44.3/10.0–60.1 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 0.42/0.09–1.62 |
Buenos Aires | 2009 | [35] | <0.1 mm | HNO3-HCl-HF | 4.5/2.0–13.7 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O | 2.8/1.1–3.7 |
Upper crust | [136] | 2.2 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 2.3 | |||
Sampling year | reference | grain size | Sn mg/kg | ||
Budapest city | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 20.9/6.0–31.0 |
Seoul | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 39.7/21.1–50.4 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 1.19/0.30–10.3 |
Buenos Aires | 2009 | [35] | <0.1 mm | HNO3-HCl-HF | 11.6/3.3–23 |
Upper crust | [136] | 106 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 98 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | V | ||
Budapest city | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 25.1/14.7–29.6 |
Madrid | 1990 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 17 ± 2 |
Dhaka industrial + old | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 72 ± 23 |
Dhaka commercial | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 68 ± 13 |
Dhaka residential | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 64 ± 11 |
Dhaka residential-low traffic | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 64 ± 6 |
Seoul | 2004–2005 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 35/23–43 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 34/14–51 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 20/13–30 |
Upper crust | [136] | 75 | |||
Continental crust | [40] | 65 | |||
sampling year | reference | grain size | Zn mg/kg | ||
Oslo | 1994 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 412 ± 61 |
Budapest city | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 891/317–2110 |
Madrid | 1990 | [95] | <0.1 mm | HNO3/HClO4/HF | 476 ± 30 |
Murcia | 2010 | [96] | <2 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 377 ± 32 |
Samsun residential-low traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 78.8/43.0–89.0 |
Samsun residential-high traffic | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 106/72–142 |
Samsun industrial | 2007 | [97] | none | HNO3/HCl | 117/53–173 |
Chelyabinsk | 2017 | [92] | <1 mm | HNO3/HF/HClO4 | 154/66–616 |
Delhi | 2009 | [90] | <0.075 mm | unknown | 285/188–524 |
Dhaka industrial + old | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 169 ± 71 |
Dhaka commercial | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 154 ± 42 |
Dhaka residential | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 97 ± 29 |
Dhaka residential-low traffic | 2004 | [98] | <1 mm | XRF | 65 ± 15 |
Seoul before rainy season | 1996 | [76] | <0.18 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 247/61–1200 |
Seoul after rainy season | 1996 | [76] | <0.18 mm | HNO3/HClO4 | 197/49–1160 |
Seoul | 2004–05 | [59] | <0.075 mm | HNO3/HCl | 1476/1075–2065 |
Shanghai | 2006 | [38] | <0.125 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 734/82–2136 |
Hong Kong | 2000 | [82] | <2 mm | HNO3 | 1450 ± 869 |
Sydney | 2009 | [36] | <0.425 mm | HNO3/HCl | 1109/557–2117 |
Suva(Fiji) | 2015 | [88] | none | HNO3/HCl | 685/146–3263 |
Ottawa | 1993 | [86] | 0.1–0.25 mm | HF/HNO3/HClO4 | 99/29–194 |
Buenos Aires | 2009 | [35] | <0.1 mm | HNO3-HCl-HF | 766/370–1228 |
Luanda | 2002 | [100] | <0.1 mm | HCl/HNO3/H2O2 | 271/142–1412 |
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| Exchangeable |
| Carbonates |
| Mn oxide |
| Fe oxide |
| Organics + sulfides |
| Residual |
|
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Sager, M. Urban Soils and Road Dust—Civilization Effects and Metal Pollution—A Review. Environments 2020, 7, 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7110098
Sager M. Urban Soils and Road Dust—Civilization Effects and Metal Pollution—A Review. Environments. 2020; 7(11):98. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7110098
Chicago/Turabian StyleSager, Manfred. 2020. "Urban Soils and Road Dust—Civilization Effects and Metal Pollution—A Review" Environments 7, no. 11: 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7110098