Modified Biochars and Their Effects on Soil Quality: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Effect of Biochar on Plant Growth and Yield Attributes
3. Effect of Pristine Biochar on Soil Physiochemical Properties
4. Biochar Modification and Its Properties
4.1. Biochar Physical Modification
4.2. Biochar Modification with Mineral Fertilizers and Chemicals
4.3. Biochar Modification with Nano-Particles
4.4. Biochar Modification with Microbes
5. Effect of Modified Biochar on Soil Quality
5.1. Effect of Modified Biochar on Soil Physical and Hydraulic Properties
5.2. Effects of Modified Biochar on Soil Organic Matter
5.3. Gas Exchange Parameters and Nutrient Profile
5.4. Effects of Modified Biochar on Soil pH
5.5. Effects of Modified Biochar on Soil EC and CEC
5.6. Effect of Modified Biochar on Soil Biological Activities
6. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Modified BC | BC Dose | Soil Properties | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Mn oxide BC | 4% (w/w) | Increased adsorption capacity of As and pH of soil | [82] |
Poultry manure BC | 5% (w/w) | Reduction of toxic Cr (VI) in soil | [83] |
Sheep manure BC | 5% (w/w) | Reduction of toxic Cr (VI) in soil | [83] |
Coconut shell BC | 5% (w/w) | Increased soil pH, CEC, bacteria, fungal and actinomyces counts, acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase, and urease while invertase was not affected. | [55] |
S-modified rice husk BC | 5% (w/w) | Leachate total Hg concentrations decreased while increased Leachate total Hg removal | [84] |
Magnetic BC | 2% (w/w) | Decreased Cd acid soluble fraction, and Cd reducible fraction, while no effect on Cd oxidizable fraction and Cd residual fraction were observed. Decreased Zn acid soluble fraction, and increased Zn residual fraction, while no effect on Zn oxidizable fraction and Zn reducible fraction were observed. Increased Pb acid soluble fraction, Pb reducible fraction, and Pb residual fraction, while no effect on Pb oxidizable fraction was observed. Increased Cu oxidizable fraction, Cu reducible fraction, and Cu residual fraction, while no effect on Cu acid soluble fraction was observed. | [33] |
Fe-Mn BC | 2 wt% | Increased soil enzymes (UE, ALP/AKP, CAT, and POD) and the abundances of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla. Moreover, decreased soil pH and bioavailable arsenic concentration | [59] |
Fe-Mn BC | 2% (w/w) | Decreased pH, bioavailability of antimony and cadmium, while increased EC, available P, available K, total N, and organic matter. Moreover, UE and CAT did not affect but acid phosphatase activity was decreased | [46] |
MgO-BC | 4.5 Mg ha−1 | Increased available P | [12] |
S BC | 1% (w/w) | Increased soil organic matter content and microbial community while decreased available Cd concentrations | [49] |
S-Fe BC | 1% (w/w) | Increased soil organic matter content and microbial community while decreased available Cd concentrations | [49] |
Fe-Mn-Ce modified BC | 2 wt% | Increased S-CAT, S-UE, S-POD and S-AKP/ALP activity. Moreover, microbial activities increased, especially Gemmatimonadaceae and Oxalobacteraceae families. | [21] |
Multiple modified BC | 3% (w/w) | Decreased DTPA-extractable Cd, and Cu, pH, and available P while increased CEC, available K, organic matter, and dehydrogenase in soil | [85] |
Rhamnolipid-modified BC | 2 wt% | Increased dehydrogenase activity, bacterial and fungal diversity indices, emission of CO2 and CH4, while reduced the emission of N2O | [86] |
Iron-modified BC | 3% (w/w) | Decreased soil pH, available Fe, available As, available Cd, available Pb, S-CAT, and UE while increased total organic carbon | [20] |
Thiourea-modified BC | 8% (w/w) | Increased soil pH, CEC, soil organic carbon, and EC. Decreased acid soluble fraction of Cu and reducible fraction of Cu while increased oxidizable fraction of Cu and residual fraction of Cu. Decreased acid soluble fraction of Zn while increased reducible fraction of Zn, oxidizable fraction of Zn and residual fraction of Zn | [19] |
Carrot pulp BC | 8% (w/w) | Increased soil pH, CEC, soil organic carbon, and EC. Decreased acid soluble fraction of Cu and reducible fraction of Cu while increased oxidizable fraction of Cu and residual fraction of Cu. Decreased acid soluble fraction of Zn while increased reducible fraction of Zn, oxidizable fraction of Zn and residual fraction of Zn | [19] |
Fe–Mn–La-modified BC | 2 wt% | Decreased soil As concentration and increased S-CAT, S-UE, S-POD and S-AKP/ALP activity. Moreover, microbial activities increased especially γ-Proteobacteria, α-Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes. | [87] |
Modified BC (rice husk BC and successively modified with NaOH, HNO3 and dimethyl dithiocarbamate sodium) | 3% (w/w) | Increased soil pH, dissolved organic carbon, organic matter, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and available K, while reduced available P, CEC, DTPA-extractable Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. Moreover, increased S-CAT and dehydrogenase | [81] |
Fe modified BC | 2% (w/w) | Increased pH, soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase activity, Cd bound to organic matter, residual Cd and Cd bound to iron–manganese oxides while decreased Cd bound to carbonates, DTPA-extractable Cd, exchangeable Cd, and Cd mobility factor | [17] |
Brassica napus BC-UV | 0.6% (w/w) | Increased soil pH and EC and decreased CaCl2-extractable Cd | [16] |
Lolium perenne BC-UV | 0.6% (w/w) | Increased soil pH and EC and decreased CaCl2-extractable Cd | [16] |
Iron-zinc oxide composite modified corn straw BC | 3% (w/w) | Increased pH, CEC, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), bacterial community, i.e., Chao1 Shannon and Simpson while decreased DTPA-Cd | [10] |
Particle size modified BC | 1% (w/w) | Soil soluble K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ increased while soil soluble Na+ and Na+ adsorption ratio decreased | [14] |
Composite modified BC | 1% (w/w) | Soil soluble K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ increased while soil soluble Na+ and Na+ adsorption ratio decreased | [14] |
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Hafeez, A.; Pan, T.; Tian, J.; Cai, K. Modified Biochars and Their Effects on Soil Quality: A Review. Environments 2022, 9, 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9050060
Hafeez A, Pan T, Tian J, Cai K. Modified Biochars and Their Effects on Soil Quality: A Review. Environments. 2022; 9(5):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9050060
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafeez, Abdul, Taowen Pan, Jihui Tian, and Kunzheng Cai. 2022. "Modified Biochars and Their Effects on Soil Quality: A Review" Environments 9, no. 5: 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9050060