Deciphering Post-Stroke Sleep Disorders: Unveiling Neurological Mechanisms in the Realm of Brain Science
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Method
2. Biological Mechanisms Underlying Sleep Disorders following Stroke
2.1. Changes in Sleep Staging
2.2. Circadian Disruption
2.3. Functional Changes in Brain Regions
2.4. Cerebral Vascular Hemodynamics
2.5. Neurological Deficits
2.6. Sleep Disruptions: Exploring Ions, Ion Channels and Kinases
2.6.1. Ions
2.6.2. Ion Channels
2.6.3. Kinases
2.7. Neurotransmitter Regulation
2.8. Inflammatory Cytokines
2.9. Challenges and Opportunities
3. Recent Treatment Progress
3.1. Drug Therapy
3.2. Non-Pharmacological Treatment
3.3. Combination Therapy
3.4. Emerging Therapies
4. Conclusions and Prospect
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Lesion | Site of Lesion | Changes in Sleep Structure and Rhythm | References |
---|---|---|---|
stroke | anterior cerebral artery area infarctions | diminished β waves and increased δ waves increase slowing in θ ranges rhythms decreased overall amplitude | [14] |
stroke | preoptic | reduced NREM and REM | [47] |
stroke | thalamic | decreased sleep spindles increased N1 and decreased N2 | [49] |
stroke | supratentorial stroke | reduced NREM TST, low SE | [50] |
acute stroke | lenticulostriate arteries MCA cortical branches | reduced REM | [20] |
acute hemispheric stroke | hemispheric | TST, low SE, reduced N2 and decreased N3 and N4 NREM sleep | [51] |
raphe nucleus stroke | raphe nucleus | reduced NREM | [6] |
cerebral hemorrhagic infarction | frontal lobe | increased δ waves | [52] |
brain stem strokes | brainstem | highest REM and REM latency | [53] |
brain stem stroke | thalamus mesencephalic pontine tegmental reticular formation | diminished REM sleep increased NREM sleep | [54] |
ischemic stroke | cortex and striatum | inhibited REM sleep | [55] |
cerebellar stroke | brain stem and hemisphere | reduced NREM prolonged REM latency | [56] |
paramedian thalamic stroke | paramedian thalamic | increased N2 and N3 decreased N4 | [57] |
bilateral thalamic stroke | bilateral thalamic | NREM sleep instability reduced arousals | [58] |
unilateral diencephalic stroke | thalamus | excessive sleep decreased N2 and N3 sleep | [59] |
lateral medullary infarction | lateral medullary | complete sleep suppression | [60] |
middle-aged C57BL/6J mice, MCAO | frontoparietal cortex and lateral caudoputamen | reduced NREM and REM increased latency to sleep reduced NREM delta power | [61] |
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Chen, P.; Wang, W.; Ban, W.; Zhang, K.; Dai, Y.; Yang, Z.; You, Y. Deciphering Post-Stroke Sleep Disorders: Unveiling Neurological Mechanisms in the Realm of Brain Science. Brain Sci. 2024, 14, 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040307
Chen P, Wang W, Ban W, Zhang K, Dai Y, Yang Z, You Y. Deciphering Post-Stroke Sleep Disorders: Unveiling Neurological Mechanisms in the Realm of Brain Science. Brain Sciences. 2024; 14(4):307. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040307
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Pinqiu, Wenyan Wang, Weikang Ban, Kecan Zhang, Yanan Dai, Zhihong Yang, and Yuyang You. 2024. "Deciphering Post-Stroke Sleep Disorders: Unveiling Neurological Mechanisms in the Realm of Brain Science" Brain Sciences 14, no. 4: 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040307