Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Link between Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Inflammation in Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation
3. Oxidative Stress in Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation
4. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation
5. Clinical Implications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Marker | Study Population | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|
IL-6 | 407 patients with metabolic syndrome, of which 128 patients with AF | Increased levels in patients with AF and metabolic syndrome compared with patients with AF but without metabolic syndrome; positively correlated with left and right atrial volumes and epicardial fat thickness. | [32] |
CRP | 407 patients with metabolic syndrome, of which 128 with AF | Increased levels in patients with AF and metabolic syndrome vs. patients with AF but without metabolic syndrome; positively correlated with epicardial fat thickness. | [32] |
IL-10 | CL57/B6 mice divided into high-fat and normal-fat diet groups | Reduced serum levels of IL-10 in high-fat diet-induced obesity. | [33] |
MMP-9 | 105 patients with BMI > 30 kg/m2 | Significantly higher in patients with obesity and paroxysmal AF vs. patients with obesity without AF; significantly correlated with left atrial volume. | [34] |
TGF-β | Sheep with and without calorie-dense diet | Increased atrial TGF-β, atrial fibrosis, epicardial fat infiltration, and duration of induced AF. | [35] |
TNFα | 407 patients with metabolic syndrome, of which 128 with AF | Increased levels in patients with AF and metabolic syndrome compared with patients with AF, but without metabolic syndrome; positively correlated with epicardial fat thickness. | [32] |
Antioxidant | Disease | Population/ Model | Mechanism | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin C | AF | Patients with elective coronary artery bypass grafting | Downregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase | ↓ incidence of post-coronary artery bypass grafting AF | [98] |
Obesity | Overweight students | ROS reduction | Attenuation of urinary 8-hydroxy-2′ -deoxyguanosine levels | [99] | |
Vitamin E | AF | Patients with elective coronary artery bypass grafting | ROS reduction | ↓ incidence of post-coronary artery bypass grafting AF | [100] |
Obesity | C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet | Decreases oxidative stress | Increased levels of lipid peroxidation and advanced oxidation protein products | [101] | |
Statins | AF | Patients undergoing cardiac surgery | Reduces myocardial O2 and ONOO− | ↓ incidence of post-coronary artery bypass grafting AF | [102] |
Obesity | Rats fed a high-fat diet | Reduces renal oxidative stress | Decreased malondialdehyde and glutathione levels; decreased membrane expression of Nox4 and p67phox | [103] | |
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids | AF | Patients with coronary artery bypass grafting | Increase electrical stability | ↓ incidence of postoperative AF | [104] |
Obesity | C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet | Oxidative stress reduction | Reduced 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal | [105] | |
N-acetylcysteine | AF | Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass and/or valve surgery | ROS reduction | ↓ incidence of post-coronary artery bypass grafting AF | [106] |
Obesity | 3T3-L1 and C3H/10 T 1/2-clone 8 (C3H) adipocytes | ROS reduction | Inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress | [107] | |
Thiazolidinediones | AF | Rabbits with congestive heart failure | Decrease nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; induce antioxidant enzymes such as Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase | Attenuated atrial structural remodeling and inhibited AF promotion | [108] |
Obesity | Obese, hypertensive, type II diabetes rat model | Reduced renal oxidative stress | Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in kidney tissues | [109] | |
Probucol | AF | Right atrial pacing AF model | Reduces atrial oxidative stress and increases total antioxidant capacity | Reduces AF promotion and maintenance | [110] |
Obesity | Mice fed a high-fat diet | Reduces oxidative stress | Reduced blood levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and malondialdehyde | [111] |
Medication | Mechanism at the Mitochondrial Level | Effect on AF | Effect on Obesity |
---|---|---|---|
Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) | Improves mitochondrial function Antioxidant involved in the electron transport from complex I to complex II and from complex II to complex III of the respiratory chain, membrane stabilizer, and cofactor of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins [138] | AF prevention [139] | Reduction in obesity, oxidative stress, and inflammation in metabolic syndrome [140] |
Metformin | Preserves mitochondrial function (through AMPK activation), mitochondrial respiration, and mitochondrial biogenesis (probably via upregulation of PGC-1α) [141] | Decreased the incidence of AF by 19% [142] | Activated AMPK and improved mitochondrial respiration in obesity [143] |
Fibrates | Improve mitochondrial biogenesis via increased PPARGC1A, GFAP, S100B, DCX NRF1, and TFAM genes expression [144] | Decreased AF prevalence [145] | Regulates visceral obesity and inflammation via PPARα activation in obese females [146] |
Trimetazidine | Improves ATP synthesis via inhibition of beta-oxidation; improves mitochondrial fusion/fission dynamics via normalization of the expression of factors that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis [147] | Prevented tachycardia-induced atrial ultrastructural remodeling, decreased AF inducibility, and shortened AF duration [148] | Successfully mimics exercise to enhance mitochondrial quality control [149] |
Ranolazine | Improves mitochondrial function, attenuates oxidative stress, suppresses apoptosis [150] | Attenuated AF [151] | Attenuated obesity-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and increased hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase activity [152] |
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Balan, A.I.; Halațiu, V.B.; Scridon, A. Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Link between Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010117
Balan AI, Halațiu VB, Scridon A. Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Link between Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(1):117. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010117
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalan, Alkora Ioana, Vasile Bogdan Halațiu, and Alina Scridon. 2024. "Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Link between Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation" Antioxidants 13, no. 1: 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010117