Types of Membrane Transporters and the Mechanisms of Interaction between Them and Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Types of Membrane Transporters in Plants
2.1. Ion Transporters
2.1.1. Na+ Transporters
2.1.2. K+ Transporters
2.1.3. Ca2+ Transporters
2.1.4. H+ Transporters
2.1.5. Anion Transporters
2.1.6. Other Ion Transporters
2.2. Sugar Transporters
2.3. Amino Acid Transporters
2.4. Other Compound Transporters
3. Membrane Transporters Regulate the Generation and Scavenging of ROS
3.1. Membrane Transporters Involved in the Generation of ROS
3.1.1. Membrane Transporters Directly Inhibit ROS Generation
3.1.2. Membrane Transporters Inhibit ROS Generation by Transporting ABA
3.1.3. Membrane Transporters Inhibit ROS Generation by Transporting GABA
3.1.4. Membrane Transporters Inhibit ROS Generation by Transporting Cytokinins (CKs)
3.1.5. Membrane Transporters Inhibit ROS Generation by Transporting Jasmonic Acid (JA)
3.2. Membrane Transporters Involved in the Scavenging of ROS
3.2.1. Membrane Transporters Directly Scavenge ROS
3.2.2. Membrane Transporters Scavenge ROS by Transporting Proline
3.2.3. Membrane Transporters Scavenge ROS by Transporting Mannitol
3.2.4. Membrane Transporters Scavenge ROS by Transporting Polyamines (PAs)
Name | Species | Description | Localization | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
ACA6 [154] | Arabidopsis, Rice | A Ca2+-ATPase responsible for the efflux of Ca2+ in the cytosol, reducing the concentration of Ca2+in the cytosol, thereby reducing the stimulation of RBOH by Ca2+ and reducing the generation of ROS. | Plasma membrane and endomembranes | P-type ATPase |
PHO1 [124] | Arabidopsis | In Arabidopsis, it controls the efflux of phosphatidic acid and inhibits its activation of RBOH. | Plasma membrane | PHO |
ABCG25/31 [126] | Arabidopsis | A G-type ABC transporter responsible for ABA efflux and involved in inhibiting plant ROS production. | Plasma membrane | ABC |
ABCG30/40 [126] | Arabidopsis | A G-type ABC transporter responsible for ABA efflux and involved in inhibiting plant ROS production. | Plasma membrane | ABC |
ABCG14 [140] | Arabidopsis | A G-type ABC transporter that controls the influx of CK into the cytosol and is also responsible for the transport of CK from roots to leaves. | Plasma membrane | ABC |
CAT9 [97] | Tomato | A cationic amino acid transporter responsible for the bidirectional transport of GABA and other amino acids between the cytosol and vacuoles, which involves in inhibiting ROS generation and promoting ROS scavenging. | Vacuolar membrane | APC |
GABP [99] | Arabidopsis | A bidirectional amino acid transporter responsible for the transport of GABA between the cytosol and mitochondria, which involves inhibiting ROS generation and promoting ROS scavenging. | Mitochondrial membrane | APC |
ProT2 [160] | Arabidopsis | In Arabidopsis, it controls the influx of proline across the plasma membrane and promotes the scavenging of ROS. | Plasma membrane | AAAP |
ALMT1 [75] | Arabidopsis, Wheat | An aluminum-activated malate transporter responsible for the transport GABA and Cl− across plasma membranes to inhibit ROS generation and promote ROS scavenging. | Plasma membrane and vacuolar membrane | ALMT |
GAT1 [101] | Arabidopsis | A high-affinity GABA transporter that can transport GABA from the apoplast to the cytosol, which involves inhibiting ROS generation and promoting ROS scavenging. | Plasma membrane | AAAP |
PUP14 [139] | Arabidopsis | In Arabidopsis, it is responsible for transporting apoplast free radicals or nucleosides of CK to the cytosol, which inhibits the generation of ROS. | Plasma membrane | PUP |
ENTs [139] | Arabidopsis | In Arabidopsis, it is responsible for the transport of free radicals or nucleosides from the apoplast and vacuoles into the cytosol, which inhibits ROS production. | Plasma membrane and vacuolar membrane | ENT |
JAT1 [146] | Arabidopsis | In Arabidopsis, it is responsible for the transport of JA in cells, which is involved in inhibiting ROS production. | Vacuolar membrane | MATE |
HAK1 [157] | Arabidopsis | A high-affinity K+ transporter; the overexpression of HAK1 can significantly increase the activity of POD, CAT, and other antioxidant enzymes to scavenge ROS. | Plasma membrane | APC |
LHT1 [105] | Arabidopsis | A lysine–histidine transporter that controls the flow of proline and scavenges ROS. | Plasma membrane | AAAP |
MaT1 [171] | Arabidopsis, Apium graveolens | A phloem mannitol membrane transporter that can scavenge ROS through the transport of mannitol. | Plasma membrane | ND |
MaT2 [170] | Arabidopsis, Apium graveolens | An H+/mannitol cotransporter that transports mannitol to scavenge ROS. | Plasma membrane | ND |
LAT1 [177] | Arabidopsis | In Arabidopsis, it can control PA influx and scavenge ROS. | Plasma membrane | APC |
4. ROS Signaling Is Involved in the Regulation of Membrane Transporters under Abiotic Stress
4.1. ROS Signaling Regulates Ca2+ Transporters
4.2. ROS Signaling Regulates K+ Transporters
4.3. ROS Signaling Regulates Other Transporters
Name | Species | Description | Localization | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
TPC1 [182] | Arabidopsis, Rice, Wheat | As a voltage-dependent K+ channel, it plays a role in ROS-associated Ca2+ wave conduction and can also mediate the distribution of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in cells, with specificity for Ca2+. | Vacuolar membrane | TPC |
OSCA1 [53] | Arabidopsis | As a mechanosensitive channel, it senses osmotic stress and is activated by mechanical tension on the membrane, playing a role in ROS-associated Ca2+ wave conduction and controlling the transport of Ca2+ from the apoplast to cytosol. | Plasma membrane | OSCA |
SLAC1 [69] | Arabidopsis | A slow anion channel that controls the distribution of Cl− and NO3− in the xylem. GHR1 perceives ROS signals and activates SLAC by interacting with CPK3. | Plasma membrane | SLAC |
KAT1 [35] | Arabidopsis | An inward-rectifying K+ channel belonging to the voltage-gated K+ channels that controls the influx of K+. Apoplast ROS activate the Ca2+ channel of guard cells and inhibit the activity of KAT1. | Plasma membrane | AKT |
SKOR [185] | Arabidopsis | An outgoing K+ channel belonging to voltage-gated K+ channels that controls the efflux of K+. ROS can be perceived by a cysteine residue on this channel, activating SKOR. | Plasma membrane | SKOR |
VDACs [188] | Arabidopsis | A voltage-dependent anion channel related to the homeostasis of ROS in plant cells. | Plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane | VDAC |
HAK5 [42] | Arabidopsis, Rice, Mesembrya nthemumcry stallinum | A high-affinity K+ transporter that transports K+ into the cytosol at low K+ concentrations; its activity is controlled by RBOHD. | Plasma membrane | APC |
AHA1 [186] | Arabidopsis | An H+-ATPase that can regulate membrane repolarization and JA synthesis; its activity is controlled by RBOHD. | Plasma membrane | P-type ATPase |
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yuan, D.; Wu, X.; Jiang, X.; Gong, B.; Gao, H. Types of Membrane Transporters and the Mechanisms of Interaction between Them and Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13020221
Yuan D, Wu X, Jiang X, Gong B, Gao H. Types of Membrane Transporters and the Mechanisms of Interaction between Them and Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(2):221. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13020221
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Ding, **aolei Wu, **angqun Jiang, Binbin Gong, and Hongbo Gao. 2024. "Types of Membrane Transporters and the Mechanisms of Interaction between Them and Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants" Antioxidants 13, no. 2: 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13020221