Effects of Phenols from Olive Vegetation Water on Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity of Stored-Cooked Beef Patties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Phenolic Extract (PE)
2.2. Preparation of the Beef Patties
2.3. Phenols Analysis
2.4. Lipid Extraction
2.5. Determination of Cholesterol Oxidation Products (COPs)
2.6. Determination of HCAs
2.7. Isolation of Mononuclear Cells from Peripheral Blood
2.8. Treatment of PBMCs with Meat Extracts and Cytotoxicity Analysis
2.9. Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE or Comet Assay)
2.10. Comet Detection
2.11. Ames Test
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Impact on Total Phenols in Stored-Cooked Beef Patties
3.2. Formation of COPs in Stored-Cooked Beef Patties
3.3. Formation of HCAs in Stored-Cooked Beef Patties
3.4. Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity of Stored-Cooked Beef Patties
3.5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Storage Time (Days) | SEM | p | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samples | 0 | 6 | 9 | F | S | F × S | |||||
Total phenols | C | - | B | - | B | - | B | 0.52 | *** | *** | *** |
P1 | 1.62 | a,A | 0.92 | b,A | 0.48 | c,A | |||||
7β-HC | C | 76.29 | c,B | 323.27 | b,A | 428.64 | a,A | 0.35 | *** | *** | *** |
P1 | 115.11 | b,A | 156.12 | a,B | 117.45 | b, | |||||
5β,6β-EC | C | 51.55 | c,B | 172.47 | b,A | 283.72 | a,A | 0.34 | *** | *** | *** |
P1 | 67.75 | b,A | 84.59 | a,B | 67.66 | c,B | |||||
5α,6α-EC | C | 17.00 | c,B | 101.29 | a,A | 77.98 | b,A | 0.22 | ** | N.S. | N.S. |
P1 | 18.96 | b,A | 27.26 | a,B | 30.84 | a,B | |||||
CT | C | 8.73 | c | 24.75 | a,A | 21.38 | b,A | 0.12 | ** | N.S. | N.S. |
P1 | 8.35 | b | 10.64 | a,B | 9.07 | b,B | |||||
7-KC | C | 76.15 | c,B | 324.02 | b,A | 547.61 | a,A | 0.63 | *** | *** | *** |
P1 | 109.03 | b,A | 116.14 | a,B | 80.78 | c,B | |||||
Total COPs | C | 229.72 | c,B | 945.80 | b,A | 1359.33 | a,A | 0.82 | *** | *** | *** |
P1 | 319.20 | b,A | 394.74 | a,B | 295.80 | c,B | |||||
IQ | C | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |||||||
P1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | ||||||||
8-MeIQx | C | 20.21 | N.S. | 26.21 | N.S. | 24.54 | N.S. | 0.01 | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. |
P1 | 22.87 | N.S. | 24.86 | N.S. | 26.04 | N.S. | |||||
4,8-DiMeIQx | C | 11.31 | N.S. | 9.80 | N.S. | 10.58 | N.S. | 0.00 | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. |
P1 | 9.91 | N.S. | 10.06 | N.S. | 10.27 | N.S. | |||||
PhIP | C | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |||||||
P1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | ||||||||
Total HCAs | C | 31.51 | N.S. | 36.01 | N.S. | 35.11 | N.S. | 0.01 | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. |
P1 | 32.78 | N.S. | 34.92 | N.S. | 36.31 | N.S. |
Storage Time (Days) | SEM | p | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samples | 0 | 6 | 9 | F | S | F × S | |||||
Comet Assay | DMSO | 2.8 | C | 2.5 | B | 2.4 | B | 0.52 | ** | N.S. | N.S. |
C | 5.8 | A | 5.7 | A | 6.1 | A | |||||
P1 | 4.1 | a,B | 1.9 | b,B | 3.0 | ab,B | |||||
Ames Test | Spontaneous revertants | 12.2 | N.S. | 12.2 | N.S. | 12.2 | N.S. | 1.32 | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. |
C | 20.5 | N.S. | 21.0 | N.S. | 13.5 | N.S. | |||||
P1 | 13.5 | N.S. | 15.5 | N.S. | 11.5 | N.S. |
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Mercatante, D.; Curró, S.; Rosignoli, P.; Cardenia, V.; Sordini, B.; Taticchi, A.; Rodriguez-Estrada, M.T.; Fabiani, R. Effects of Phenols from Olive Vegetation Water on Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity of Stored-Cooked Beef Patties. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13060695
Mercatante D, Curró S, Rosignoli P, Cardenia V, Sordini B, Taticchi A, Rodriguez-Estrada MT, Fabiani R. Effects of Phenols from Olive Vegetation Water on Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity of Stored-Cooked Beef Patties. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(6):695. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13060695
Chicago/Turabian StyleMercatante, Dario, Sarah Curró, Patrizia Rosignoli, Vladimiro Cardenia, Beatrice Sordini, Agnese Taticchi, Maria Teresa Rodriguez-Estrada, and Roberto Fabiani. 2024. "Effects of Phenols from Olive Vegetation Water on Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity of Stored-Cooked Beef Patties" Antioxidants 13, no. 6: 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13060695