The Impact of Physical Activity and Inactivity on Cardiovascular Risk across Women’s Lifespan: An Updated Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Physical Activity and Inactivity in Infancy and Adolescence
2.1. Benefits of Physical Activity
2.2. Sedentary Behavior and Physical Inactivity Disadvantages
2.3. Proposal for Intervention
3. Physical Activity and Inactivity in Pre-Pregnancy, Pregnancy, and Post-Pregnancy Period
3.1. Benefits of Physical Activity
3.2. Sedentary Behavior and Physical Inactivity Disadvantages
3.3. Proposal for Intervention
4. Physical Activity and Inactivity in Perimenopause and Beyond
4.1. Benefits of Physical Activity
4.2. Sedentary Behavior and Physical Inactivity Disadvantages
4.3. Proposal for Intervention
5. Physical Activity and Inactivity in CVD
5.1. Benefits of Physical Activity
5.2. Sedentary Behavior and Physical Inactivity Disadvantages
5.3. Proposal for Intervention
6. Current Evidence on Physical Activity and Inactivity in the COVID-19 Pandemic
7. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Tsao, C.W.; Aday, A.W.; Almarzooq, Z.I.; Anderson, C.A.; Arora, P.; Avery, C.L.; Baker-Smith, C.M.; Beaton, A.Z.; Boehme, A.K.; Buxton, A.E.; et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2023, 147, e93–e621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salerni, S.; Di Francescomarino, S.; Cadeddu, C.; Acquistapace, F.; Maffei, S.; Gallina, S. The different role of sex hormones on female cardiovascular physiology and function: Not only oestrogens. Eur. J. Clin. Investig. 2015, 45, 634–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garcia, M.; Mulvagh, S.L.; Bairey Merz, C.N.; Buring, J.E.; Manson, J.E. Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Clinical Perspectives. Circ. Res. 2016, 118, 1273–1293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cho, L.; Davis, M.; Elgendy, I.; Epps, K.; Lindley, K.J.; Mehta, P.K.; Michos, E.D.; Minissian, M.; Pepine, C.; Vaccarino, V.; et al. Summary of Updated Recommendations for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2020, 75, 2602–2618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soto-Lagos, R.; Cortes-Varas, C.; Freire-Arancibia, S.; Energici, M.-A.; McDonald, B. How Can Physical Inactivity in Girls Be Explained? A Socioecological Study in Public, Subsidized, and Private Schools. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kohl, H.W., 3rd; Craig, C.L.; Lambert, E.V.; Inoue, S.; Alkandari, J.R.; Leetongin, G.; Kahlmeier, S. The pandemic of physical inactivity: Global action for public health. Lancet 2012, 380, 294–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tremblay, M.S.; Aubert, S.; Barnes, J.D.; Saunders, T.J.; Carson, V.; Latimer-Cheung, A.E.; Chastin, S.F.; Altenburg, T.M.; Chinapaw, M.J. Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN)—Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2017, 14, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Riccioni, G.; Scotti, L.; Guagnano, M.T.; Bosco, G.; Bucciarelli, V.; Di Ilio, E.; Speranza, L.; Martini, F.; Bucciarelli, T. Physical exercise reduces synthesis of ADMA, SDMA, and L-Arg. Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed.) 2015, 7, 417–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, J.; Pan, X.; Li, G.; Chatterjee, E.; ** review. Br. J. Sports Med. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sternfeld, B.; Dugan, S. Physical Activity and Health During the Menopausal Transition. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am. 2011, 38, 537–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mattioli, A.V.; Moscucci, F.; Sciomer, S.; Maffei, S.; Nasi, M.; Pinti, M.; Bucciarelli, V.; Dei Cas, A.; Parati, G.; Ciccone, M.M.; et al. Cardiovascular prevention in women: An update by the Italian Society of Cardiology working group on ‘Prevention, hypertension and peripheral disease’. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown) 2023, 24 (Suppl. S2), e147–e155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Centers for Disease, C. and Prevention, Trends in leisure-time physical inactivity by age, sex, and race/ethnicity--United States, 1994-2004. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. 2005, 54, 991–994. [Google Scholar]
- Bucciarelli, V.; Bianco, F.; Mucedola, F.; Di Blasio, A.; Izzicupo, P.; Tuosto, D.; Ghinassi, B.; Bucci, I.; Napolitano, G.; Di Baldassarre, A.; et al. Effect of Adherence to Physical Exercise on Cardiometabolic Profile in Postmenopausal Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Izzicupo, P.; D’Amico, M.A.; Bascelli, A.; Di Fonso, A.; D’angelo, E.; Di Blasio, A.; Bucci, I.; Napolitano, G.; Gallina, S.; Di Baldassarre, A. Walking training affects dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and inflammation independent of changes in spontaneous physical activity. Menopause 2013, 20, 455–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Izzicupo, P.; Ghinassi, B.; D’Amico, M.A.; Di Blasio, A.; Gesi, M.; Napolitano, G.; Gallina, S.; Di Baldassarre, A. Effects of ACE I/D Polymorphism and Aerobic Training on the Immune–Endocrine Network and Cardiovascular Parameters of Postmenopausal Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013, 98, 4187–4194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Izzicupo, P.; D’amico, M.A.; Di Blasio, A.; Napolitano, G.; Nakamura, F.Y.; Di Baldassarre, A.; Ghinassi, B. Aerobic Training Improves Angiogenic Potential Independently of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Modifications in Postmenopausal Women. Front. Endocrinol. 2017, 8, 363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Di Blasio, A.; Izzicupo, P.; Di Baldassarre, A.; Gallina, S.; Bucci, I.; Giuliani, C.; Di Santo, S.; Di Iorio, A.; Ripari, P.; Napolitano, G. Walking training and cortisol to DHEA-S ratio in postmenopause: An intervention study. Women Health 2018, 58, 387–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Blasio, A.; Izzicupo, P.; D’angelo, E.; Melanzi, S.; Bucci, I.; Gallina, S.; Di Baldassarre, A.; Napolitano, G. Effects of Patterns of Walking Training on Metabolic Health of Untrained Postmenopausal Women. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2014, 22, 482–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gudmundsdottir, S.L.; Flanders, W.D.; Augestad, L.B. Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors at menopause: The Nord-Trøndelag health study. Climacteric 2013, 16, 438–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hyvarinen, M.; Juppi, H.K.; Taskinen, S.; Karppinen, J.E.; Karvinen, S.; Tammelin, T.H.; Kovanen, V.; Aukee, P.; Kujala, U.M.; Rantalainen, T.; et al. Metabolic health, menopause, and physical activity-a 4-year follow-up study. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2022, 46, 544–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Juppi, H.-K.; Sipilä, S.; Cronin, N.J.; Karvinen, S.; Karppinen, J.E.; Tammelin, T.H.; Aukee, P.; Kovanen, V.; Kujala, U.M.; Laakkonen, E.K. Role of Menopausal Transition and Physical Activity in Loss of Lean and Muscle Mass: A Follow-Up Study in Middle-Aged Finnish Women. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khalafi, M.; Sakhaei, M.H.; Maleki, A.H.; Rosenkranz, S.K.; Pourvaghar, M.J.; Fang, Y.; Korivi, M. Influence of exercise type and duration on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength in post-menopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2023, 10, 1190187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Di Blasio, A.; Bucci, I.; Napolitano, G.; Melanzi, S.; Izzicupo, P.; Di Donato, F.; Tonizzo, C.; D’Angelo, E.; Ricci, G.; Ripari, P. Characteristics of spontaneous physical activity and executive functions in postmenopause. Minerva Med. 2013, 104, 61–74. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Wu, S.; Shi, Y.; Zhao, Q.; Men, K. The relationship between physical activity and the severity of menopausal symptoms: A cross-sectional study. BMC Women’s Health 2023, 23, 212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tsao, C.W.; Aday, A.W.; Almarzooq, Z.I.; Alonso, A.; Beaton, A.Z.; Bittencourt, M.S.; Boehme, A.K.; Buxton, A.E.; Carson, A.P.; Commodore-Mensah, Y.; et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2022, 145, e153–e639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, Y.-S. Gender Differences in Physical Activity and Walking Among Older Adults. J. Women Aging 2005, 17, 55–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Izzicupo, P.; Di Blasio, A.; Di Credico, A.; Gaggi, G.; Vamvakis, A.; Napolitano, G.; Ricci, F.; Gallina, S.; Ghinassi, B.; Di Baldassarre, A. The Length and Number of Sedentary Bouts Predict Fibrinogen Levels in Postmenopausal Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bellettiere, J.; LaMonte, M.J.; Evenson, K.R.; Rillamas-Sun, E.; Kerr, J.; Lee, I.M.; Di, C.; Rosenberg, D.E.; Stefanick, M.L.; Buchner, D.M.; et al. Sedentary behavior and cardiovascular disease in older women: The Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (OPACH) Study. Circulation 2019, 139, 1036–1046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dogra, S.; Ashe, M.C.; Biddle, S.J.H.; Brown, W.J.; Buman, M.P.; Chastin, S.; Gardiner, P.A.; Inoue, S.; Jefferis, B.J.; Oka, K.; et al. Sedentary time in older men and women: An international consensus statement and research priorities. Br. J. Sports Med. 2017, 51, 1526–1532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Paolisso, P.; Bergamaschi, L.; Saturi, G.; D’Angelo, E.C.; Magnani, I.; Toniolo, S.; Stefanizzi, A.; Rinaldi, A.; Bartoli, L.; Angeli, F.; et al. Secondary Prevention Medical Therapy and Outcomes in Patients With Myocardial Infarction With Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease. Front. Pharmacol. 2019, 10, 1606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Di Blasio, A.; Ripari, P.; Bucci, I.; Di Donato, F.; Izzicupo, P.; D’Angelo, E.; Di Nenno, B.; Taglieri, M.; Napolitano, G. Walking training in postmenopause: Effects on both spontaneous physical activity and training-induced body adaptations. Menopause 2012, 19, 23–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Blasio, A.; Bucci, I.; Ripari, P.; Giuliani, C.; Izzicupo, P.; Di Donato, F.; D’angelo, E.; Napolitano, G. Lifestyle and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in postmenopause. Climacteric 2014, 17, 37–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Di Blasio, A.; Di Donato, F.; Di Santo, S.; Bucci, I.; Izzicupo, P.; Di Baldassarre, A.; Gallina, S.; Bergamin, M.; Ripari, P.; Napolitano, G. Aerobic physical exercise and negative compensation of non-exercise physical activity in post-menopause: A pilot study. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2018, 58, 1497–1508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cugusi, L.; Manca, A.; Serpe, R.; Romita, G.; Bergamin, M.; Cadeddu, C.; Solla, P.; Mercuro, G. Effects of a mini-trampoline rebounding exercise program on functional parameters, body composition and quality of life in overweight women. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2018, 58, 287–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cugusi, L.; Manca, A.; Bergamin, M.; Di Blasio, A.; Yeo, T.J.; Crisafulli, A.; Mercuro, G. Zumba Fitness and Women’s Cardiovascular Health: A systematic review. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev. 2019, 39, 153–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thomas, A.; Daley, A.J. Women’s views about physical activity as a treatment for vasomotor menopausal symptoms: A qualitative study. BMC Women’s Health 2020, 20, 203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fricke, A.; Rauff, E.; Fink, P.W.; Lark, S.D.; Rowlands, D.S.; Shultz, S.P. Perceptions of a 12-week mini-trampoline exercise intervention for postmenopausal women. J. Sport Exerc. Sci. 2023, 1, 53–59. [Google Scholar]
- Di Blasio, A.; Di Donato, F.; Mastrodicasa, M.; Fabrizio, N.; Di Renzo, D.; Napolitano, G.; Petrella, V.; Gallina, S.; Ripari, P. Effects of the time of day of walking on dietary behaviour, body composition and aerobic fitness in post-menopausal women. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2010, 50, 196–201. [Google Scholar]
- Paynter, N.P.; LaMonte, M.J.; Manson, J.E.; Martin, L.W.; Phillips, L.S.; Ridker, P.M.; Robinson, J.G.; Cook, N.R. Comparison of Lifestyle-Based and Traditional Cardiovascular Disease Prediction in a Multiethnic Cohort of Nonsmoking Women. Circulation 2014, 130, 1466–1473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lee, I.M. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in women: Is “no pain, no gain” passe? JAMA 2001, 285, 1447–1454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Akgöz, A.D.; Ozer, Z.; Gözüm, S. The effect of lifestyle physical activity in reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors (blood pressure and cholesterol) in women: A systematic review. Health Care Women Int. 2021, 42, 4–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seguin, R.; Buchner, D.M.; Liu, J.; Allison, M.; Manini, T.; Wang, C.Y.; Manson, J.E.; Messina, C.R.; Patel, M.J.; Moreland, L.; et al. Sedentary behavior and mortality in older women: The Women’s Health Initiative. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2014, 46, 122–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chomistek, A.K.; Manson, J.E.; Stefanick, M.L.; Lu, B.; Sands-Lincoln, M.; Going, S.B.; Garcia, L.; Allison, M.A.; Sims, S.T.; LaMonte, M.J.; et al. Relationship of Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity to Incident Cardiovascular Disease. JACC 2013, 61, 2346–2354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ekelund, U.; Steene-Johannessen, J.; Brown, W.J.; Fagerland, M.W.; Owen, N.; Powell, K.E.; Bauman, A.; Lee, I.-M. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet 2016, 388, 1302–1310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ekelund, U.; Tarp, J.; Steene-Johannessen, J.; Hansen, B.H.; Jefferis, B.; Fagerland, M.W.; Whincup, P.; Diaz, K.M.; Hooker, S.P.; Chernofsky, A.; et al. Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: Systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis. BMJ 2019, 366, l4570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Länsitie, M.; Kangas, M.; Jokelainen, J.; Venojärvi, M.; Timonen, M.; Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S.; Korpelainen, R. Cardiovascular disease risk and all-cause mortality associated with accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time—A prospective population-based study in older adults. BMC Geriatr. 2022, 22, 729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Du, L.; Li, G.; Ren, P.; He, Q.; Pan, Y.; Chen, S.; Zhang, X. Associations between objectively measured patterns of sedentary behaviour and arterial stiffness in Chinese community-dwelling older women. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2023, 22, 374–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bakker, E.A.; van Bakel, B.M.; Aengevaeren, W.R.; Meindersma, E.P.; Snoek, J.A.; Waskowsky, W.M.; van Kuijk, A.A.; Jacobs, M.M.; Hopman, M.T.; Thijssen, D.H.; et al. Sedentary behaviour in cardiovascular disease patients: Risk group identification and the impact of cardiac rehabilitation. Int. J. Cardiol. 2021, 326, 194–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duran, A.T.; Garber, C.E.; Cornelius, T.; Schwartz, J.E.; Diaz, K.M. Patterns of Sedentary Behavior in the First Month After Acute Coronary Syndrome. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2019, 8, e011585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vasankari, V.; Halonen, J.; Vasankari, T.; Anttila, V.; Airaksinen, J.; Sievänen, H.; Hartikainen, J. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in secondary prevention of coronary artery disease: A review. Am. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2021, 5, 100146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- LaMonte, M.J.; Larson, J.C.; Manson, J.E.; Bellettiere, J.; Lewis, C.E.; LaCroix, A.Z.; Bea, J.W.; Johnson, K.C.; Klein, L.; Noel, C.A.; et al. Association of Sedentary Time and Incident Heart Failure Hospitalization in Postmenopausal Women. Circ. Heart Fail. 2020, 13, e007508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Visseren, F.L.; Mach, F.; Smulders, Y.M.; Carballo, D.; Koskinas, K.C.; Bäck, M.; Benetos, A.; Biffi, A.; Boavida, J.M.; Capodanno, D.; et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur. Heart J. 2021, 42, 3227–3337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abreu, A.; Frederix, I.; Dendale, P.; Janssen, A.; Doherty, P.; Piepoli, M.F.; Völler, H.; on behalf of the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of EAPC Reviewers: Marco Ambrosetti; Davos, C.H. Standardization and quality improvement of secondary prevention through cardiovascular rehabilitation programmes in Europe: The avenue towards EAPC accreditation programme: A position statement of the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2021, 28, 496–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bjarnason-Wehrens, B.; McGee, H.; Zwisler, A.-D.; Piepoli, M.F.; Benzer, W.; Schmid, J.-P.; Dendale, P.; Pogosova, N.-G.V.; Zdrenghea, D.; Niebauer, J.; et al. Cardiac rehabilitation in Europe: Results from the European Cardiac Rehabilitation Inventory Survey. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2010, 17, 410–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hansen, D.; Dendale, P.; Coninx, K.; Vanhees, L.; Piepoli, M.F.; Niebauer, J.; Cornelissen, V.; Pedretti, R.; Geurts, E.; Ruiz, G.R.; et al. The European Association of Preventive Cardiology Exercise Prescription in Everyday Practice and Rehabilitative Training (EXPERT) tool: A digital training and decision support system for optimized exercise prescription in cardiovascular disease. Concept, definitions and construction methodology. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2017, 24, 1017–1031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Resurreccion, D.; Moreno-Peral, P.; Gómez-Herranz, M.; Rubio-Valera, M.; Pastor, L.; De Almeida, J.M.C.; Motrico, E. Factors associated with non-participation in and dropout from cardiac rehabilitation programmes: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2019, 18, 38–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamilton, S.J.; Mills, B.; Birch, E.M.; Thompson, S.C. Smartphones in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 2018, 18, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bucciarelli, V.; Nasi, M.; Bianco, F.; Seferovic, J.; Ivkovic, V.; Gallina, S.; Mattioli, A.V. Depression pandemic and cardiovascular risk in the COVID-19 era and long COVID syndrome: Gender makes a difference. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2022, 32, 12–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nienhuis, C.P.; Lesser, I.A. The Impact of COVID-19 on Women’s Physical Activity Behavior and Mental Well-Being. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okuyama, J.; Seto, S.; Fukuda, Y.; Funakoshi, S.; Amae, S.; Onobe, J.; Izumi, S.; Ito, K.; Imamura, F. Mental Health and Physical Activity among Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 2021, 253, 203–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Coronado, P.J.; Fasero, M.; Otero, B.; Sanchez, S.; de la Viuda, E.; Ramirez-Polo, I.; Llaneza, P.; Mendoza, N.; Baquedano, L. Health-related quality of life and resilience in peri- and postmenopausal women during COVID-19 confinement. Maturitas 2021, 144, 4–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaygısız, B.B.; Topcu, Z.G.; Meriç, A.; Gözgen, H.; Çoban, F. Determination of exercise habits, physical activity level and anxiety level of postmenopausal women during COVID-19 pandemic. Health Care Women Int. 2020, 41, 1240–1254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ricci, F.; Izzicupo, P.; Moscucci, F.; Sciomer, S.; Maffei, S.; Di Baldassarre, A.; Mattioli, A.V.; Gallina, S. Recommendations for Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Behavior During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Front. Public Health 2020, 8, 199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mattioli, A.V.; Sciomer, S.; Maffei, S.; Gallina, S. Lifestyle and Stress Management in Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact on Cardiovascular Risk Burden. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 2021, 15, 356–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mattioli, A.V.; Coppi, F.; Gallina, S. Importance of physical activity during and after the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic: A strategy for women to cope with stress. Eur. J. Neurol. 2021, 28, e78–e79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davenport, M.H.; Meyer, S.; Meah, V.L.; Strynadka, M.C.; Khurana, R. Moms Are Not OK: COVID-19 and Maternal Mental Health. Front. Glob. Women’s Health 2020, 1, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moscucci, F.; Gallina, S.; Bucciarelli, V.; Aimo, A.; Pelà, G.; Cadeddu-Dessalvi, C.; Nodari, S.; Maffei, S.; Meloni, A.; Deidda, M.; et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular health of women: A review by the Italian Society of Cardiology Working Group on ‘gender cardiovascular diseases’. J. Cardiovasc. Med. 2023, 24 (Suppl. S1), e15–e23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Gaetano, A.; Solodka, K.; Zanini, G.; Selleri, V.; Mattioli, A.V.; Nasi, M.; Pinti, M. Molecular Mechanisms of mtDNA-Mediated Inflammation. Cells 2021, 10, 2898. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mattioli, A.V.; Selleri, V.; Zanini, G.; Nasi, M.; Pinti, M.; Stefanelli, C.; Fedele, F.; Gallina, S. Physical Activity and Diet in Older Women: A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 12, 81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nabavi, N. Long covid: How to define it and how to manage it. BMJ 2020, 370, m3489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mattioli, A.V.; Coppi, F.; Nasi, M.; Pinti, M.; Gallina, S. Long COVID: A New Challenge for Prevention of Obesity in Women. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 2023, 17, 164–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yelin, D.; Wirtheim, E.; Vetter, P.; Kalil, A.C.; Bruchfeld, J.; Runold, M.; Guaraldi, G.; Mussini, C.; Gudiol, C.; Pujol, M.; et al. Long-term consequences of COVID-19: Research needs. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020, 20, 1115–1117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. Post COVID-19 Condition (Long COVID). 2022. Available online: https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/post-covid-19-condition (accessed on 28 March 2022).
- Hanson, S.W.; Abbafati, C.; Aerts, J.G.; Al-Aly, Z.; Ashbaugh, C.; Ballouz, T.; Blyuss, O.; Bobkova, P.; Bonsel, G.; Borzakova, S.; et al. Estimated Global Proportions of Individuals With Persistent Fatigue, Cognitive, and Respiratory Symptom Clusters Following Symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021. JAMA 2022, 328, 1604–1615. [Google Scholar]
- Carter, S.J.; Baranauskas, M.N.; Raglin, J.S.; Pescosolido, B.A.; Perry, B.L. Functional Status, Mood State, and Physical Activity Among Women With Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome. Int. J. Public Health 2022, 67, 1604589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gil, S.; Gualano, B.; de Araújo, A.L.; de Oliveira Júnior, G.N.; Damiano, R.F.; Pinna, F.; Imamura, M.; Rocha, V.; Kallas, E.; Batistella, L.R.; et al. Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 associates with physical inactivity in a cohort of COVID-19 survivors. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wright, J.; Astill, S.L.; Sivan, M. The Relationship between Physical Activity and Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hayes, L.D.; Ingram, J.; Sculthorpe, N.F. More Than 100 Persistent Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (Long COVID): A Sco** Review. Front. Med. (Lausanne) 2021, 8, 750378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nandadeva, D.; Skow, R.J.; Stephens, B.Y.; Grotle, A.-K.; Georgoudiou, S.; Barshikar, S.; Seo, Y.; Fadel, P.J. Cardiovascular and Cerebral Vascular Health in Females with Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol. 2023, 324, H713–H720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Whiteson, J.H.; Azola, A.; Barry, J.T.; Bartels, M.N.; Blitshteyn, S.; Fleming, T.K.; McCauley, M.D.; Neal, J.D.; Pillarisetti, J.; Sampsel, S.; et al. Multi-disciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of cardiovascular complications in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). PM R 2022, 14, 855–878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tabacof, L.; Tosto-Mancuso, J.; Wood, J.; Cortes, M.; Kontorovich, A.; McCarthy, D.; Rizk, D.; Rozanski, G.; Breyman, E.; Nasr, L.; et al. Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome Negatively Impacts Physical Function, Cognitive Function, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Participation. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2022, 101, 48–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bellan, M.; Soddu, D.; Balbo, P.E.; Baricich, A.; Zeppegno, P.; Avanzi, G.C.; Baldon, G.; Bartolomei, G.; Battaglia, M.; Battistini, S.; et al. Respiratory and Psychophysical Sequelae Among Patients With COVID-19 Four Months After Hospital Discharge. JAMA Netw. Open 2021, 4, e2036142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fugazzaro, S.; Contri, A.; Esseroukh, O.; Kaleci, S.; Croci, S.; Massari, M.; Facciolongo, N.C.; Besutti, G.; Iori, M.; Salvarani, C.; et al. Rehabilitation Interventions for Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schwendinger, F. Exercise as medicine in post-COVID-19: A call to action. Sport. Exerc. Med. 2022, 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Twomey, R.; DeMars, J.; Franklin, K.; Culos-Reed, S.N.; Weatherald, J.; Wrightson, J.G. Chronic Fatigue and Postexertional Malaise in People Living With Long COVID: An Observational Study. Phys. Ther. 2022, 102, pzac005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hafner, M.; Yerushalmi, E.; Stepanek, M.; Phillips, W.; Pollard, J.; Deshpande, A.; Whitmore, M.; Millard, F.; Subel, S.; Van Stolk, C. Estimating the global economic benefits of physically active populations over 30 years (2020–2050). Br. J. Sports Med. 2020, 54, 1482–1487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Climie, R.; Fuster, V.; Empana, J.-P. Health Literacy and Primordial Prevention in Childhood—An Opportunity to Reduce the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Cardiol. 2020, 5, 1323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guthold, R.; Willumsen, J.; Bull, F.C. What is driving gender inequalities in physical activity among adolescents? J. Sport Health Sci. 2022, 11, 424–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bucciarelli, V.; Mattioli, A.V.; Sciomer, S.; Moscucci, F.; Renda, G.; Gallina, S. The Impact of Physical Activity and Inactivity on Cardiovascular Risk across Women’s Lifespan: An Updated Review. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 4347. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134347
Bucciarelli V, Mattioli AV, Sciomer S, Moscucci F, Renda G, Gallina S. The Impact of Physical Activity and Inactivity on Cardiovascular Risk across Women’s Lifespan: An Updated Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(13):4347. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134347
Chicago/Turabian StyleBucciarelli, Valentina, Anna Vittoria Mattioli, Susanna Sciomer, Federica Moscucci, Giulia Renda, and Sabina Gallina. 2023. "The Impact of Physical Activity and Inactivity on Cardiovascular Risk across Women’s Lifespan: An Updated Review" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 13: 4347. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134347