Relationship between Handgrip Strength and Incident Diabetes in Korean Adults According to Gender: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurement of Handgrip Strength
2.3. Anthropometric and Laboratory Measurements and General Data
2.4. Definition of DM
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤1.40 | 1.40–1.61 | 1.61–1.84 | >1.84 | |||
n | 10,737 | 2693 | 2675 | 2715 | 2654 | |
HGS (kg) | 39.1 ± 8.5 | 30.1 ± 6.2 | 37.3 ± 37.3 | 41.4 ± 4.3 | 47.5 ± 7.6 | <0.001 |
RGS (kg/BMI) | 1.62 ± 0.37 | 1.18 ± 0.2 | 1.51 ± 0.06 | 1.72 ± 0.07 | 2.08 ± 0.26 | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 54.8 ± 8.5 | 57.9 ± 8.1 | 55.9 ± 8.1 | 54.2 ± 8.2 | 50.9 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 85.1 ± 7.4 | 88.0 ± 7.4 | 86.0 ± 6.7 | 84.6 ± 6.9 | 81.4 ± 7.0 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 2.7 | 25.6 ± 2.8 | 24.8 ± 2.4 | 24.1 ± 2.4 | 22.8 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 193.6 ± 33.9 | 193.9 ± 34.5 | 195.0 ± 34.4 | 193.9 ± 33.8 | 191.7 ± 33.0 | 0.004 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.0 ± 12.0 | 48.4 ± 11.3 | 49.4 ± 11.9 | 50.3 ± 11.9 | 52.0 ± 12.6 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 145.5 ± 96.1 | 150.5 ± 92.5 | 151.0 ± 98.2 | 145.4 ± 93.6 | 135.0 ± 99.4 | <0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 24.8 ± 12.9 | 25.2 ± 11.5 | 25.5 ± 15.8 | 24.8 ± 13.1 | 23.8 ± 10.5 | <0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 25.4 ± 18.2 | 26.7 ± 16.5 | 26.7 ± 24.6 | 25.2 ± 15.6 | 22.9 ± 13.8 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 125.3 ± 13.8 | 126.9 ± 14.1 | 125.6 ± 13.7 | 125.3 ± 13.7 | 123.5 ± 13.6 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 78.1 ± 9.4 | 79.0 ± 9.3 | 78.2 ± 9.30 | 78.0 ± 9.4 | 77.2 ± 9.5 | <0.001 |
Alcohol intake, n (%) | 3662 (34.1) | 803 (29.8) | 896 (33.5) | 982 (36.2) | 981 (37.0) | <0.001 |
Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
Never smoker | 2903 (27.1) | 782 (29.1) | 719 (27.0) | 740 (27.3) | 662 (25.0) | |
Ex-smoker | 4828 (45.1) | 1266 (47.2) | 1229 (46.1) | 1236 (45.7) | 1097 (41.5) | |
Current smoker | 2968 (27.7) | 635 (23.7) | 716 (26.9) | 730 (27.0) | 887 (33.5) | |
Regular exercise, n (%) | 4467 (41.6) | 1141 (42.4) | 1160 (43.4) | 1570 (42.2) | 1633 (38.5) | 0.002 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 2402 (22.4) | 872 (32.4) | 651 (24.4) | 552 (20.4) | 327 (12.3) | <0.001 |
CVD, n (%) | 395 (3.7) | 136 (5.1) | 114 (4.3) | 89 (3.3) | 56 (2.1) | <0.001 |
Women | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤0.85 | 0.85–1.01 | 1.01–1.17 | >1.17 | |||
n | 22,589 | 5492 | 5752 | 5717 | 5628 | |
HGS (kg) | 23.5 ± 2.2 | 17.9 ± 3.7 | 22.4 ± 2.5 | 25.0 ± 2.6 | 28.7 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
RGS (kg/BMI) | 1.02 ± 0.25 | 0.71 ± 0.13 | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 1.09 ± 0.05 | 1.33 ± 0.18 | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 52.9 ± 7.7 | 56.5 ± 7.5 | 54.0 ± 7.4 | 51.9 ± 7.2 | 49.3 ± 6.8 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 77.5 ± 8.0 | 81.7 ± 8.2 | 78.8 ± 7.5 | 76.5 ± 7.1 | 73.2 ± 6.7 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 2.9 | 25.3 ± 3.1 | 24.0 ± 2.6 | 23.0 ± 2.3 | 21.6 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 200.2 ± 35.0 | 204.2 ± 36.3 | 202.3 ± 35.1 | 199.6 ± 34.8 | 194.9 ± 33.3 | <0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56.7 ± 13.0 | 54.3 ± 12.3 | 55.8 ± 12.6 | 57.0 ± 12.9 | 59.8 ± 13.5 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 111.0 ± 70.0 | 124.2 ± 73.9 | 116.3 ± 76.4 | 108.3 ± 66.0 | 95.2 ± 58.9 | <0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 22.0 ± 9.9 | 23.1 ± 10.5 | 22.4 ± 12.4 | 21.7 ± 8.8 | 20.8 ± 7.0 | <0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 19.0 ± 14.6 | 21.2 ± 17.8 | 19.7 ± 17.0 | 18.4 ± 11.1 | 16.8 ± 10.6 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 120.6 ± 14.6 | 122.7 ± 14.6 | 121.4 ± 14.7 | 120.3 ± 14.7 | 117.8 ± 14.1 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 74.1 ± 9.4 | 75.3 ± 9.3 | 74.5 ± 9.4 | 73.9 ± 9.5 | 72.6 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
Alcohol intake, n (%) | 1117 (4.9) | 206 (3.8) | 267 (4.6) | 306 (5.4) | 338 (6.0) | <0.001 |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.019 | |||||
Never smoker | 21,774 (96.9) | 5314 (97.2) | 5536 (96.9) | 5527 (97.3) | 5397 (96.3) | |
Ex-smoker | 289 (1.3) | 73 (1.3) | 71 (1.2) | 66 (0.2) | 79 (1.4) | |
Current smoker | 405 (1.8) | 81 (1.5) | 105 (1.8) | 89 (1.6) | 130 (2.3) | |
Regular exercise, n (%) | 9386 (41.6) | 3359 (38.8) | 2368 (41.2) | 2477 (43.3) | 2408 (42.8) | <0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 3592 (15.9) | 1290 (23.5) | 1019 (17.8) | 796 (13.9) | 487 (8.7) | <0.001 |
CVD, n (%) | 439 (1.9) | 199 (3.6) | 120 (2.1) | 84 (1.5) | 36 (0.6) | <0.001 |
Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | p-Value | HR | p-Value | ||
Unadjusted | 0.52 (0.42–0.65) | <0.001 | Unadjusted | 0.27 (0.20–0.36) | <0.001 |
Model 1 | 0.57 (0.45–0.72) | <0.001 | Model 1 | 0.43 (0.31–0.58) | <0.001 |
Model 2 | 0.55 (0.40–0.74) | <0.001 | Model 2 | 0.43 (0.28–0.67) | <0.001 |
Model 3 | 0.62 (0.45–0.85) | 0.003 | Model 3 | 0.61 (0.39–0.95) | 0.029 |
Men | Women | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
≤1.40 | 1.40–1.61 | 1.61–1.84 | >1.84 | ≤0.85 | 0.85–1.01 | 1.07–1.17 | >1.17 | |
n | 2693 | 2675 | 2715 | 2654 | 5492 | 5752 | 5717 | 5628 |
Unadjusted | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.69–1.02) | 0.64 (0.51–0.79) | 0.49 (0.39–0.63) | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.69–0.97) | 0.57 (0.48–0.69) | 0.41 (0.33–0.51) |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.71–1.05) | 0.67 (0.54–0.83) | 0.54 (0.42–0.69) | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.76–1.08) | 0.70 (0.58–0.84) | 0.56 (0.45–0.71) |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.61–1.01) | 0.68 (0.51–0.89) | 0.52 (0.38–0.72) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.75–1.22) | 0.74 (0.57–0.97) | 0.56 (0.41–0.77) |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.63–1.06) | 0.72 (0.54–0.95) | 0.60 (0.43–0.84) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.80–1.32) | 0.82 (0.63–1.08) | 0.72 (0.52–0.99) |
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Lee, S.-B.; Jo, M.-K.; Moon, J.-E.; Lee, H.-J.; Kim, J.-K. Relationship between Handgrip Strength and Incident Diabetes in Korean Adults According to Gender: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 627. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020627
Lee S-B, Jo M-K, Moon J-E, Lee H-J, Kim J-K. Relationship between Handgrip Strength and Incident Diabetes in Korean Adults According to Gender: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(2):627. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020627
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Sung-Bum, Min-Kyeung Jo, Ji-Eun Moon, Hui-Jeong Lee, and Jong-Koo Kim. 2024. "Relationship between Handgrip Strength and Incident Diabetes in Korean Adults According to Gender: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 2: 627. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020627