Optimization of Open-Access Optical and Radar Satellite Data in Google Earth Engine for Oil Palm Map** in the Muda River Basin, Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Satellite Data
2.3. Preprocessing of Data
2.3.1. Preprocessing of Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2
2.3.2. Preprocessing of PALSAR-2 and Sentinel-1
2.4. Spectral and SAR Indices
2.5. Training and Validation Sample Data
2.6. Methods
2.6.1. Land Cover Land Use Map**
2.6.2. Image Composition Creation
2.6.3. Oil Palm Area Change
3. Results
3.1. Accuracy Assessment
3.2. Oil Palm Area Changes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data | Sensor | Bands | Pixel Size | The Time of Images (Year) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(m) | ||||
Optical image | Landsat 8 | Blue, green, red, near-infrared (NIR), Short-wave infrared 1(SWIR1), short-wave infrared 2(SWIR2) | 30 | 2015–2020 |
Sentinel-2 | Blue, green, red, near-infrared (NIR), Short-wave infrared 1(SWIR1), short-wave infrared 2(SWIR2), Red Edge1, Red Edge2, Red Edge3, Red Edge4 | 10,20 | 2015–2016, 2020 | |
SAR image | Global PALSAR-2/PALSAR yearly mosaic | HH, HV | 25 | 2015–2020 |
Sentinel-1GRD | VV, VH | 10 | 2015–2020 | |
Topographic data | NASA SRTM digital elevation | Elevation | 30 | 2000 |
Indices | Formula | |
---|---|---|
Spectral Indices | NDVI | NDVI = (NIR − RED)/(NIR + RED) |
NDWI | NDWI = (NIR − SWIR)/(NIR + SWIR1) | |
EVI | EVI = 2.5 × (NIR − RED)/ (NIR + 6.0× RED − 7.5 × BLUE + 1.0) | |
SAR Indices | AVE | (HH + HV)/2; (VV + VH)/2 |
DIF | HH − HV; VV − VH | |
RAT1 | HH/HV; VH/VV | |
RAT2 | HV/HH; VV/VH | |
ASM | ||
AVG | ||
CON | ||
COR | ||
DIS | ||
ENT | ||
IDM | ||
VAR |
Year | Symbol | Name | Description | Band |
---|---|---|---|---|
2015, 2020 | C1 | PALSAR-2 | SAR data, SAR indices, and topographic data | 23 |
C2 | Sentinel-1 | SAR data, SAR indices, and topographic data | 23 | |
C3 | Sentinel-2 | Optical data, spectral indices, and topographic data | 14 | |
C4 | Landsat 8 | Optical data, spectral indices, and topographic data | 10 | |
C5 | PALSAR-2 +Landsat 8 | Optical and SAR data, spectral and SAR indices, and Topographic data | 32 | |
C6 | PALSAR-2 +Sentinel-2 | Optical and SAR data, spectral and SAR indices, and topographic data | 36 | |
C7 | Sentinel-1 + Sentinel-2 | Optical and SAR data, spectral and SAR indices, and topographic data | 36 | |
C8 | Sentinel-1 + Landsat 8 | Optical and SAR data, spectral and SAR indices, and topographic data | 32 |
Class | SAR | Optical | SAR + Optical | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | ||
FRSE | PA | 96% | 84% | 96% | 96% | 100% | 96% | 96% | 96% |
CA | 92% | 95% | 96% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 96% | |
URBN | PA | 70% | 65% | 100% | 91% | 91% | 100% | 100% | 95% |
CA | 57% | 83% | 96% | 88% | 100% | 96% | 96% | 96% | |
WATR | PA | 92% | 96% | 100% | 96% | 96% | 92% | 96% | 96% |
CA | 80% | 81% | 90% | 89% | 83% | 92% | 96% | 89% | |
OILP | PA | 46% | 88% | 92% | 96% | 96% | 96% | 96% | 92% |
CA | 67% | 74% | 96% | 93% | 100% | 96% | 96% | 92% | |
RICE | PA | 68% | 92% | 92% | 88% | 88% | 96% | 96% | 88% |
CA | 81% | 92% | 100% | 100% | 92% | 100% | 96% | 100% | |
RUBR | PA | 65% | 69% | 97% | 100% | 100% | 96% | 100% | 100% |
CA | 60% | 76% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 92% | 100% | 95% | |
Overall accuracy | 73% | 83% | 96% | 95% | 95% | 96% | 97% | 95% | |
Kappa statistic | 68% | 80% | 95% | 94% | 94% | 95% | 97% | 94% |
Symbol | Area of OPIL (km²) | Data | |
---|---|---|---|
2015 | 2020 | ||
C1 | 406.26 | 528.8 | SAR |
C2 | 319.43 | 382.67 | |
C3 | 363.55 | 583.12 | Optical |
C4 | 463.49 | 602.91 | |
C5 | 377.45 | 529.78 | Optical + SAR |
C6 | 475.81 | 522.99 | |
C7 | 323.25 | 465.73 | |
C8 | 418.03 | 496.92 | |
Xu et al. [6] | 598 |
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Zeng, J.; Tan, M.L.; Tew, Y.L.; Zhang, F.; Wang, T.; Samat, N.; Tangang, F.; Yusop, Z. Optimization of Open-Access Optical and Radar Satellite Data in Google Earth Engine for Oil Palm Map** in the Muda River Basin, Malaysia. Agriculture 2022, 12, 1435. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091435
Zeng J, Tan ML, Tew YL, Zhang F, Wang T, Samat N, Tangang F, Yusop Z. Optimization of Open-Access Optical and Radar Satellite Data in Google Earth Engine for Oil Palm Map** in the Muda River Basin, Malaysia. Agriculture. 2022; 12(9):1435. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091435
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Ju, Mou Leong Tan, Yi Lin Tew, Fei Zhang, Tao Wang, Narimah Samat, Fredolin Tangang, and Zulkifli Yusop. 2022. "Optimization of Open-Access Optical and Radar Satellite Data in Google Earth Engine for Oil Palm Map** in the Muda River Basin, Malaysia" Agriculture 12, no. 9: 1435. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091435