Seabed Dynamic Responses Induced by Nonlinear Internal Waves: New Insights and Future Directions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Pressure Disturbance of the Seafloor
2.1. Theoretical and Numerical Results
2.1.1. Wave-Pressure Structure of the Bottom
- An internal hydrostatic pressure perturbation as a result of the NLIW-driven isopycnals displacement, which for depression or elevation waves are negative or positive pressure, respectively.
- An external hydrostatic pressure perturbation as a result of the free surface fluctuation, related to near-surface velocity convergence and divergence that is driven by NLIWs, which for depression or elevation waves are positive or negative pressure, respectively.
- A non-hydrostatic pressure perturbation as a result of NLIW-driven near-seabed accelerations in the vertical, which for depression or elevation waves are dominated by positive or negative pressure, respectively.
2.1.2. Governing Equations for Wave Forcing
2.1.3. Characteristics of Wave-Pressure Disturbance
2.2. Observation Results
2.2.1. North American Atlantic Coast
2.2.2. North American Pacific Coast
2.2.3. South China Sea
2.2.4. European North Atlantic Coast
2.2.5. Japan Western Pacific Coast
3. The Pore-Pressure Variation of the Seabed
3.1. Governing Equations for Pore-Pressure Response
3.2. Vertical Profile of the Pore-Pressure Changes
3.3. Potential Failure Due to Seabed Instability
4. The Seepage and Fluid Circulation in Sediment
4.1. Governing Equations for Seepage of Pore Fluid
4.2. Seepage Variations Due to Internal Wave Propagation
4.3. Possible Impact on Sediment Resuspension
5. Conclusions and Future Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Observation Area | Range | Water Depth (m) | Transducer | Full Scale (MPa) | Resolution (Pa) | Sampling (Hz) | Height (mab) | Maximum Pressure (kPa) | Wave Event | Wave Amplitude (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Jersey Shelf [43] | 38.80–39.2° N 72.75–73.50° W | 70–110 | Paroscientific Model 6000-200A | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1 | 0 | −0.765 | Depression NLIWs | / |
Massachusetts Bay [11] | 41.78–42.68° N 69.99–71.09° W | 10–80 | Paroscientific Model 6000-200A | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1/0.5 | 0 | ±0.2 | High-frequency NLIWs | ~20 |
Great Meteor Seamount [53] | 30.00° N 28.30° W | 549 | Sea-Bird Scientific SBE 53 | / | / | 0.33 | 1.7 | 0.05 | High-frequency internal waves | / |
Marsdiep Strait [20] | 52.98° N 4.77° E | 23 | Sea-Bird Scientific SBE 26 | / | / | 4 | 0.08 | 0.1 | High-frequency internal waves | / |
South China Sea [19] | 20.3° N 115.4° E | 481 | / | / | / | / | 10 | 20 | Obliquely incident ISWs | ~80 |
South China Sea [54] | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | 4 | Depression ISWs | / |
Aogashima Island Slope [55] | 32–33° N 140–141° E | 1470–2240 | Paroscientific 8B7000-I-005 | 68.95 | / | 4/0.7 | 0 | 0.05 | Internal tide wave | / |
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Chen, T.; Li, Z.; Nai, H.; Liu, H.; Shan, H.; Jia, Y. Seabed Dynamic Responses Induced by Nonlinear Internal Waves: New Insights and Future Directions. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020395
Chen T, Li Z, Nai H, Liu H, Shan H, Jia Y. Seabed Dynamic Responses Induced by Nonlinear Internal Waves: New Insights and Future Directions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(2):395. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020395
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Tian, Zhenghui Li, Hui Nai, Hanlu Liu, Hongxian Shan, and Yonggang Jia. 2023. "Seabed Dynamic Responses Induced by Nonlinear Internal Waves: New Insights and Future Directions" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 2: 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020395