Recent Advances of Conducting Polymers and Their Composites for Electrochemical Biosensing Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Electrochemical Polymerization
3. Fundamental Aspects of Electrochemistry and Biorecognition Elements
4. Retention of Biorecognition Molecules by Conducting Polymers-Electropolymerized Polymers/Monomers
5. Conducting Polymer Composites
6. Polymers Conjugated Mediators for Direct Electron Transfer (DET)
7. Non-Enzymatic Detection of Glucose
8. Trends and Future Possibilities
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Polymer (s) | Analyte | Biomolecule Immobilized | Immobilization Method | LOD | LDR | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PANI | Glucose (G) and urea (U) | GOX/URE | Entrapment | - | 0.1 mM (G) 10−5–0.1 M (U) | [53] |
PPY-pTS | Hypoxanthine | XOX, URI | Entrapment | 5 µM | 5 µM–5 mM | [54] |
PPY | Interleukin-10 | AIA | Covalent | 0.347 pg/mL | 1–10 ng/L | [55] |
NDSC | Norepinephrine | Laccase | Adsorption | 240 nM | 0.1–200 µM | [59] |
PEDOT | BRCA1 | DNA | Covalent | 0.0034 pM | 0.01 pM to 1 nM | [61] |
PEDOT-PEDOT-COOH | Lactate | LDH | Covalent | 20.26 μA mM−1 cm−1 (sensitivity) | 20–960 μM | [71] |
PEDOT/PSS hydrogels | H2O2 | HRP | Nafion entrapment | 0.94 µM 10 µM | 0.0088 to 0.15 mM 0.05–0.25 mM | [72] |
PPY/PSS | Glucose | GOX | Entrapment | - | 0.1 nM–1 mM | [73] |
DMAPM, VPBA, EGDM, DA | Dopamine | Imprint | Entrapment | 96 nM | 40 nM–20 μM | [74] |
MAA, EDGM, fluorescein-o-acrylate | Doxycycline | Imprint | Entrapment | 117 nM | 0.2 to 6 µM | [75] |
Toluidine blue | CA 15–3 | Imprint | Entrapment | 0.10 U/ mL | 0.10 U/mL to 100 U/mL | [76] |
PDA | TNT | Imprint | Entrapment | 15.4 nM, 14.8 nM | 0–289 nM | [77] |
o-DB, o-PD | Chlorpyrifos | Aptamer imprint | Entrapment | 0.35 fM | 0.001 to 0.4 pM | [78] |
Macroporous PANI, PSS | AFP | AFP Ab | Covalent | 3.7 fg/mL | 0.01 to 1000 pg/mL | [79] |
CuPT-PPy/NIPAAm-AM | Melanoma | CRP | Covalent | 7.85 × 10−19 M | 10−20 to 10−6 M | [80] |
NiPAAm, AAm, MBAAm | BSA | Imprint | Entrapment | 0.012 μM | 0.02 μM to 10 μM | [81] |
FcMMA, 4-VP, and EDMA | Bisphenol A | Imprint | Entrapment | 13 ng/L | 0–410 ng/L | [82] |
PEDOT | NADH | Physical adsorption | 5.3 μM | 20–240 μM | [83] | |
PLL | DNAhybridization | DNA | Covalent | 2.25 × 10−14 M | 1.0 × 10−13 to 1.0 × 10−6 M | [84] |
PPY | CEA | Imprint | Entrapment | 0.13 pg/mL | 0.125–12.25 pg/mL | [85] |
PCPy | Glucose | GOX | Entrapment | 0.039 mM | 0.1–15.0 mM | [86] |
PSBEDOT | Glucose | GOX | Entrapment | - | 1 mM to 20 mM | [87] |
BTP | Glucose | GOX | Entrapment | 0.034 mM | 0.034–1.0 mM | [88] |
PPY | Glucose | GOX of A. niger | Coating the cell | 0.005 mM | 0.01–0.05 mM | [89] |
PPY | Catechol | POX (Trametes pubescens) | Encapsulation | 1.8 μM | 1–60/70 μM | [90] |
p-toluene-sulfonic acid doped PPY | Glucose | GOX | Physical adsorption | 0.25 mM is lowest tested | 0.25–1.5 mM | [91] |
BOTT | Catechol | Laccase | Entrapment | 0.38 μM | 0.5–25 μM | [92] |
PEDOT(BSA) | Glucose | GOX | Physical adsorption | 0.416 mM is tested | 0.416 to 50 mM (LSV) | [93] |
DPDAA | Glucose | G. oxydans and GOX | Glutaraldehyde cross-linking Cells: | 0.022 mM (GOX) 0.081 mM (whole cell) | 0.045–50.0 mM (GOX) and 0.19–50.0 mM (whole cell) | [94] |
PANI | E. coli | Anti-E. coli antibody | Covalent | 10 CFU/mL | 101–106 CFU/mL | [95] |
Macroporous PPY-pyrrole | Urea | Urease | Entrapment | 2.57 mM | 1.67–8.32 mM | [96] |
Nanocomposite | Target Analyte | LOD | LDR | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
PEDOT: PSS/Fe2O3 | Carcinoembryonic antigen | - | 4–25 ng/mL | [56] |
PABA and Graphene | Acetylcholine | 5 to 1000 μM | 2.3 μM | [97] |
PTAB and N, S doped porous carbon | Lactic acid | 0.5 μM and 4.0 mM | 112 nM | [99] |
PEDOT and AuNPs | CA15-3 | 0.001−1000 U/mL | 0.32 mU/ mL | [105] |
MnO2/PAA-GG | H2O2 | 10 μM | 0.05 mM−50 mM | [111] |
PEG/graphene/aptamer | IgG | 47 pM | 50 pM–250 nM | [112] |
PQQ-GDH/PTh/MWCNT | Glucose | 1 μM | 1 μM to 2 mM | [113] |
PANI/MWCNTs/Starch | Cholesterol | 0.01 mM | 0.032 to 5 mM | [114] |
GOX-PtNPs-PEDOT-MS | Glucose | 1.55 µM | 0.1–10 mM | [115] |
CeO2-NRs/Ppy-NPs ssDNA probe (covalent) | DNA from Salmonella | 0.29 µM | 1.0 nM−1 µM | [116] |
PIn-5-COOH/MWCNTs-COOH | α-fetoprotein | 0.33 pg/mL | 0.001–100 ng/mL | [117] |
poly(pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid)/GO with GOx | Glucose (ITO coated glass) | 0.05 mM | 1–20 mM | [118] |
PAnNFs-P(An-co-PoPD)] | Glucose (GOX) | Minimal glucose conc. tested is 5 µM | Saturation at 0.45–0.6 mM | [119] |
PDA-MWCNTs-PB | Cholesterol (Ch) (Ch oxidase/SPE) | 1.5 µM | Linear up to 0.4 mM | [120] |
PEG-PPY nanowires | DNA probe for miRNA | 0.033 pM | 0.10 pM−1.0 nM | [121] |
rGO-PEDOT:PSS | GOX fpr glucose | 86.8 µM | Detection range: 100 µM to 600 µM | [122] |
PPY-Ag/ZnO on pencil graphite electrode | Xanthine (X) (X oxidase) | 0.07 µM | 0.06–0.6 µM | [123] |
P(SNS-An-co-EDOT) | Glucose (GOX) | 1.9 µM | 0.01–5.0 mM | [124] |
PPY-CNTs/(SrCuO2) | 2,4-dichlorophenol (laccase-graphite electrode) | 0.18 | 1–50 µM | [125] |
PPY bearing the redox dendrimer PAMAM G2 | autocrine motility factor (cytokine)-cancer biomarker | 43 fM | 1 pM−1 µM | [126] |
PANI/PPY/MWCNTs-COOH | H2O2 (Cytochrome C) | 0.1 µM | 1–370 µM | [127] |
ePDA | AA (Laccase) | The lowest AA tested is 7 µM (CV mode) | Sensitivity = 342 mA/Mcm2 with a linearity of 1–25 µM | [128] |
Pt/rGO/P3ABA | -Glucose (GOX) -Cholesterol (ChOx) | 44.3 µM 40.5 µM | 0.25–6.00 mM 0.25–4.00 mM | [129] |
PtNPs, MWCNTs-COOH–PEDOT:PSS | Glutamate Glutamate Oxidase | 0.5 µM at 0.5 V 0.5 µM at −0.2 V | 1 µM and 800 µM 10 µM and 600 µM | [130] |
Cu-BTC-PANI on ITO | E. coli (anti-E.coli antibody) | E. coli (2 cfu/mL) | Linearity: 2–2 × 108 cfu/mL | [131] |
PBA-pTBA | Glucose (GOX) | 0.29 µM | 1 µM–30 mM | [132] |
PDA | ABTS (Laccase) | 0.29 µM | 1–150 µM | [133] |
PANI/rGO/Au NPs | Glucose GOX | 64 µM | 1–10 µM | [134] |
PAB/DNA-functionalized CNT/Nitrogen doped graphene | Dopamine | 14 nM | 0.02–1 µM | [135] |
PANI/Au NPs | Prostate-specific antigen Peptides | 0.085 pg/ mL | 0.1 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL | [136] |
PAA/VS-PANI/GPL-FePc-conducting hydrogel | Glucose GOX | 6.4 µM | 1–20 mM | [137] |
MPNFs of SnO2/PANI | Glucose GOx/HRP | 1.8 µM | 5–100 µM | [138] |
PANI/Polyacrylamide | H2O2 | 2.9 nM | 0.01–50 μM | [139] |
PPY | M. tuberculosis | 0.36 aM | 0.1 aM to 100 fM | [140] |
Carbon black/PVDF/SPGMA | IL-8 | 3.3 fg/mL | 0.01–3 pg/mL | [141] |
AChE/HCS@PANI | malathion | 1.0 ng/mL to 10 μg/mL | 0.16 ng/mL | [142] |
GO/AAM/MAA/MMA/NVP | Zika virus | 10−3 to 102 PFU/mL | 2 × 10−2 PFU/mL | [143] |
Mediator-Polymer | Target Analyte/ Sensor Platform | LOD | LDR | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Evans blue-poly-TBA/S,N doped carbon | Neurotransmitters (Amp) | 0.034 (±0.005) nM 0.044 (±0.004) nM | 0.05−130 nM | [100] |
Ferrocene-PPY/MWCNT | Glucose (Amp) | 2.2–0.43 μM | 0.43 μM | [110] |
Ferrocene-PPY | M. tuberculosis (SWV) | 1 aM to 100 fM | 0.36 aM | [140] |
Polymethylene blue-PANI/MWCNT | Cardiac troponin T (DPV) | 0.10–8.0 pg/mL | 0.040 pg/mL | [149] |
Ferrocene-PAA hydrogel | miR-21 (DPV) | 10 nM to 50 μM | 5 nM | [150] |
BG-PAA | Glucose (Amp) | 0.25–5.0 mM 0.1–1.75 mM | 0.055 mM | [151] |
FcAPS/GCE | H2O2(Amp/Fluors) | 10 μM to 10 mM | 2.07 μM | [152] |
FPS/MWCNT-PDDA | Acetaminophen (DPV) | 3 to 1100 μM | 0.6 μM | [153] |
PEDOT/AuNPs-MWCNT-COOH | Catechol Laccase (DPV) | 0.11 and 12.26 μM | Two linear ranges: 0.1–0.5 and 11.99–94.11 M | [154] |
CPs | Metal Particles | Analytical Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Polybithiophene | Pd microparticles | Linearity: 0.04 to 0.4 mM LOD: 7 µM (under alkaline conditions) | [156] |
Keggin Polyoxometalate/MWCNTs | Mixed-valence Co(III) and Co(II) structures | Linearity: 0.1 mM to 10.0 mM LOD: 1.21 µM (in 0.1 M NaOH) | [157] |
PPY nanowire | A nickel-cobalt-sulfide nanosheet | Two linear ranges: 2 μM to 140 μM 0.14 mM to 2 mM LOD: 0.82 µM (in 0.1 M NaOH) | [158] |
Benzoic acid-functionalized poly(terthiophene) | AuNPs | Potentiometric response (in saliva): 0.32 µM–1 mM, LOD = 0.19 μM. | [159] |
Poly (o-phenylenediamide) | Ag-NPs | Linearity: 0.15 to 13 mM LOD: 12 μM Detecting blood glucose, PBS pH 7 | [160] |
Poly(thieno[3–4-b]-1,4-dioxin-2-methanol) | Not required | Linearity: 1–9 mM In 0.1 M PBS | [161] |
PANI nanofiber | NiO/CuO NPs | Linearity: 20 to 2500 μM LOD: 2 μM (in 0.1 M NaOH) | [162] |
PPY | ZnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles | Linear up to 8 mM LOD: 0.1 mM, in).1 M NaOH | [163] |
PPY nanowires | CuO-Cu2O NPs | Linear up to 8 mM LOD: 6.2 µM (in 50 mM NaOH) | [164] |
Poly(3-octylthiophene) | Au NPs | Potentiometric, Linear: 5–30 mM, LOD: 0.2 mM, in boric acid-borate buffer, pH 9 plus 100 mM NaCl | [165] |
PPY nanowire/nickel foam substrate | NiCo2O4 | LOD = 0.22 μM, linearity: 0.001–20 mM (in 0.1 M NaOH) | [166] |
Conductive Polyaniline Nanosheets (CPANINS) | LOD = 0.043 μM, Linearity: 1–1000 μM (in 0.1 M H2SO4) | [167] | |
PANI/MWCNTs | ZnO | LOD: 0.1 mM, two linear regions: 0.1 to 1 mM and 1 to 6 mM (10 mM NaOH) | [168] |
PANI | NiO | LOD: 0.06 μM, linearity: 1–3000 μM | [169] |
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Luong, J.H.T.; Narayan, T.; Solanki, S.; Malhotra, B.D. Recent Advances of Conducting Polymers and Their Composites for Electrochemical Biosensing Applications. J. Funct. Biomater. 2020, 11, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb11040071
Luong JHT, Narayan T, Solanki S, Malhotra BD. Recent Advances of Conducting Polymers and Their Composites for Electrochemical Biosensing Applications. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2020; 11(4):71. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb11040071
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuong, John H. T., Tarun Narayan, Shipra Solanki, and Bansi D. Malhotra. 2020. "Recent Advances of Conducting Polymers and Their Composites for Electrochemical Biosensing Applications" Journal of Functional Biomaterials 11, no. 4: 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb11040071