Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Metal Nanoparticles: Overview
2.1. Metal-Based Nanoparticle General Mechanisms
2.2. Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
2.2.1. Thermolysis Methods
2.2.2. Chemical Reduction Methods
2.2.3. Biochemical Methods
2.2.4. Electrochemical Methods
2.2.5. Wave-Assisted Chemical Methods
2.2.6. Cementation Methods
2.2.7. Biological Methods
3. Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
3.1. Synthesis
3.1.1. Conventional Chemistry
3.1.2. Green Chemistry
3.1.3. Physical Methods
3.2. Characterization of AgNPs
3.3. Pharmacokinetics
3.4. Absorption
3.4.1. Gastrointestinal Absorption
3.4.2. Pulmonary Absorption
3.4.3. Cutaneous Absorption
3.5. Distribution
3.6. Metabolism and Excretion
3.7. Antimicrobial
3.8. Other Pharmaceutical Properties
3.9. Toxicity Assessment
4. Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuNPs, Cu2ONPs and CuONPs)
4.1. Synthesis
4.2. Pharmacokinetics
4.3. Pharmacodynamics
4.4. Pharmaceutical Properties
4.5. Toxicity Assessment
5. Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
5.1. Synthesis
5.2. Pharmacokinetics
5.3. Pharmacodynamics
5.4. Other Pharmaceutical Properties
5.5. Toxicity Assessment
6. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs)
6.1. Synthesis and Production Methods
6.2. Pharmacokinetics
6.3. Antibacterial Properties
6.4. Other Pharmaceutical Properties
6.5. Toxicity Assessments
6.5.1. Pulmonary Toxicity
6.5.2. Hepatotoxicity
6.5.3. Nephrotoxicity
6.5.4. Neurotoxicity
6.6. Other Side Effects
7. Comparative Overview
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AuNPs | |||||||
Trichoderma hamatum | fungus | spherical, pentagonal and hexagonal | extracellular | 5–30 | P. aeruginosa; Serratia sp.; B. subtilis; S.aureus | Data not shown | [40] |
Alternanthera bettzickiana | plant extract | spherical | extracellular | 80–120 | S. typhi; P. aeruginosa; E. Aerogenes; S. aureus; B. subtilis; M. luteus | MIC values (expressed in µL of AuNPs): 10 µL B. subtilis 20 µL S. aureus 30 µL M. luteus 40 µL E. aerogenes, S. typhi and P. aeruginosa | [41] |
Deinococcus radiodurans | bacteria | spherical, triangular and irregular | intra- and extracellular | ~43.75 | E. coli; S. aureus | Data not shown | [42] |
Pseudomonas veronii AS41G | bacteria | irregular | extracellular | 5–25 | E. coli; S. aureus (+) | Data not shown | [43] |
Bacillus licheniformis | bacteria | spherical | extracellular | 20–75 (~38) | E. coli; P. aeroginosa; B. subtilis | Values not shown | [44] |
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense JT1 | fungus | n.a.0F | extracellular | ~22 | Pseudomonas sp. | Data not shown | [45] |
Stoechospermum marginatum | algae | spherical to irregular | extracellular | 18.7–93.7 | P. aeruginosa; V. cholerae; V. parahaemoluticus; S. paratyphi; P. vulgaris; S. typhi; K. pneumoniae; K. oxytoca; E. faecalis(+); | AuNPs more effective against E. faecalis > K. pneumoniae. Non-effective against E. coli | [46] |
Streptomyces viridogens (HM10) | bacteria | spherical and rod | intracellular | 18–20 | E. coli; S. aureus | Data not shown | [47] |
CuNPs | |||||||
Shewanella loihica PV-4 | bacteria | spherical | extracellular | 10–16 | E. coli | 100 µg/mL Cu-NPs inhibits 86% of the bacteria | [48] |
SeNPs | |||||||
Enterococcus faecalis | bacteria | spherical | extracellular | 29–195 (~99) | S. aureus (no observed activity against P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and E. coli) | Data not shown | [49] |
ZnONPs | |||||||
Glycosmis pentaphylla | plant extract | spherical | extracellular | 32–36 | S. dysenteriae; S. paratyphi; S. aureus; B. cereus | At 100 µg/mL maximum inhibition is observed | [50] |
Suaeda aegyptiaca | plant extract | spherical | extracellular | ~60 | P. aeruginosa; E. coli; S. aureus; B. subtilis | P. aeruginosa MIC and MBC: 0.19–0.78 mg/mL E. coli MIC: 1.56–12.50 mg/mL MBC: 6.25–12.50 mg/mL S. aureus MIC and MBC: 0.39–1.56 mg/mL B. subtilis MIC: 0.19–0.39 mg/mL MBC: 0.78–12.50 mg/mL | [51] |
Pichia kudriavzevii | fungus | hexagonal | extracellular | 10–61 | E. coli(+); S. marcescens; B. subtilis(+); S. aureus (+); S. epidermis (++) | Data not shown | [52] |
Jacaranda mimosifolia | plant extract | spherical | extracellular | 2–4 | E. coli; E. faecium | Data not shown | [53] |
CuONPs | |||||||
Cystoseira trinodis | algae | spherical | intracellular | 6–7.8 | E. coli; S. typhi; E. faecalis; S. aureus; B. subtilis; S. faecalis | E. coli and S. aureus MIC: 2.5 μg/mL E. faecalis MIC: 5 μg/mL S. typhimurium MIC: 10 μg/mL | [54] |
Nanoparticles Efficacy | Physicochemical Characteristics of the Nanoparticles | Production Method | Therapeutic Efficacy | MIB and MIC Values | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coliforms bacteria in water and fecal media | Monodispersed spherical AgNPs Average size 20–60 nm ζ-potential (−30 to −15) mV | (Chemical reduction) Green method from extracts of Olea Europaea leaves (Leccino and Carolea), pH 7 or 8 | Antibacterial activity evaluated with total bacteria detection by plate count techniques. Conducted trials of toxicology and cytotoxicity (WST-8 assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, comet assay) | Data not shown | [105] |
Human pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)) | Spherical or rarely polygonal AgNPs Average size 44 nm | (Chemical reduction) Green method AgNPs were synthesized using Picea abies L. stem bark extract, and sing different surfactants | Effective antioxidant activity | Staphylococcus Aureus: (MIC 0.05 mg/mL, MBC 1.57 mg/mL) MRSA: MIC 0.09 mg/mL, MCB 0.25 mg/mL) E. coli MIC: 0.23 mg/mL, MCB 0.31 mg/mL Klebsiella pneumoniae MIC 0.63 mg/mL, MCB: 1.18 mg/mL Pseudomonas aeruginosa MIC 0.16 mg/mL, MCB 0.31 mg/mL | [106] |
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Spherical shape Average size 430 nm ζ-potential −15.2 mV | (Chemical reduction) Green method. synthesized using terpenes rich extract of Lantana camara L. leaves | Antibacterial aactivity assessed using agar-well diffusion method Conducted trials of Brine shrimp cytotoxicity and antioxidant potential | Data not shown | [107] |
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli | Spherical shape Average size between 10–26 nm | (Chemical reduction) Green method. AgNPs were synthesized using Acalypha wilkesiana extract | Agar-well diffusion method was used to evaluate antibacterial activity | Data not shown | [108] |
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli (Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL), and MRSA | Average size 77.68 ± 33.95 nm ζ- potential −34.6 ± 12.7 mV UV–Vis wavelength: 420 nm | (Fungus-mediated Synthesis) Green method. AgNPs were synthesized using Fusarium oxysporum | MIC, antibacterial combination assay Antimicrobial disk susceptibility test and time-kill curve assay used to evaluate antibacterial activity. Also conducted trials of cytotoxicity assay in human red blood cells | MRSA MIC 0.212 mg/mL ESBL MIC 0.106 mg/mL | [109] |
Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Enterococcus faecalis, Hafnia alvei, Acinetobacter baumannii | Average size: first method: 428.2 ± 197.0 second method: 190.1 ± 102nm Polydispersity index: 0.4 ζ-Potential first method −22.1 ± 0.9 and second method −26.1 ± 1.4 mV, UV–Vis wavelength 412 and 418 nm. | (Chemical reduction) Green method. AgNPs were synthesized using Andrographis paniculate, aqueous, and ethanolic extracts | The zone of inhibition (ZOI), MIC, trypan blue dye exclusion assay, also conducted trials of CellToxTm green assay, LPO assay, hemocompatibility assay and in vivo intravenous delivery of AgNPs and Investigation of liver and kidney function biomarkers | S. typhi MIC 0.125 and 0.250 μg/mL H. alvei MIC 0.125 and 0.125 μg/mL E. faecalis MIC 0.250 and 0.250 μg/mL A. baumannii MIC 0.250 and 0.125 μg/mL E. coli MIC 0.125 and 0.250 μg/mL V. cholera MIC 0.125 and 0.125 μg/mL | [110] |
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli | Spherical shape Average size 13.2 ± 2.9 nm ζ-potential −16.6 mV UV–Vis wavelength 420 nm | (bacterial-mediated Synthesis) Green method. AgNPs were synthesized using acidophilic actinobacterial SH11 | Disc diffusion, MIC and LIVE/DEAD analyses to evaluate antibacterial activity | S. aureus MIC 40 μg/mL E. coli MIC 70 μg/mL B. subtilis MIC 40 μg/ml | [111] |
Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Average size between 6.28–9.84 nm, UV–Vis wavelength range of 391– 403 nm | (Chemical reduction) Method into the lamellar space layer of montmorillonite/chitosan (MMT/Cts) on using NaBH4 | Disc diffusion method to evaluate antibacterial activity | Data not shown | [112] |
Bacillus subtilis and MRSA | Average size between 10 and 35 nm Polydispersity index 0.2, ζ-potential of −30 mV UV–Vis wavelength of 421 nm | (bacterial-mediated Synthesis) synthesized AgNps from the exopolysaccharide of recently recovered bacterial strain CEES51 | Zone Inhibition Assay, MIC, MBC, Antibiofilm activity determination, colony-forming unit determination to estimate the bacterial susceptibility against AgNPs, intracellular reactive oxygen species production by AgNPs inside bacterial cells | B. subtilis MIC 10 μg/mL, MBC 50 μg/mL MRSA MIC 10 μg/mL, MBC 12.5 μg/ml | [113] |
Vibrio natriegens | Average size 10 ± 5 nm, 30 ± 5 nm, 60 ± 5 nm, 90 ± 5 nm UV–Vis wavelength ranged from 400–420 nm | (Chemical reduction) Green method. AgNPs of different size were synthesized using casein hydroly- sate as a reducing reagent and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a catalyst | MIC, MCB, reactive oxygen species production by AgNps inside bacterial cells | MIC 1.0–11.5 μg/mL MBC 1.1–11.7 μg/ml | [114] |
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli | Average size 20 nm UV–Vis wavelength of 390 nm | (Chemical reduction) Green method AgNPs were synthesized using Ultrasound assisted fabrication and fenugreek seed extract as a reducing and cap** agent | The agar diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial assay. And the antioxidant activity | Data not shown | [115] |
Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhi | Average size from 60 to 80 nm | (fungus-mediated Synthesis) Green method. AgNPs were synthesized using Penicillium oxalicum | Antimicrobial potential in liquid broth by optical density measurements, and disc diffusion method | Data not shown | [116] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli MRSA | Average size 10 to 40 nm ζ-potential −29 ± 0.11 mV | (Chemical reduction) Green method. AgNPs were synthesized using lyophilized Seabuckthorn | MIC, MCB, evaluation of P. aeruginosa biofilm, anti-quorum sensing inhibition assay. Also conducted trials of cytotoxicity assay with human dermal fibroblast | P. aeruginosa MIC 2 μg/mL, MBC 4 μg/mL E. coli MIC 4 μg/mL, MBC 8 μg/mL S. aureus MIC 4 μg/mL, MBC 8 μg/mL K. pneumoniae MIC 8 μg/mL, MBC 16 μg/mL | [117] |
Escherichia coli- 25922 and multidrug-resistant pathogens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii | Spherical shape Average size from 35 to 50 nm, UV–Vis wavelength of 326 nm | (Chemical reduction) Green method. AgNPs were synthesized using Sisymbrium irio extract | The agar diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial assay | Data not shown | [118] |
Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus Luteus, Bacillus Subtilis, Enerococcus Sp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia | Spherical shape Average size 10 nm UV–Vis wavelength of 432 nm | (Chemical reduction) Green method. AgNPs were synthesized using Tamarindus indica natural fruit extract | The agar diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial assay | Data not shown | [119] |
Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonous fluorescence and Salmonella typhi | Average size 21 nm ζ-potential −32 mV UV–Vis wavelength of 421nm | (Chemical reduction) Green method. AgNPs were synthesized using Ficus religiosa leaf extract | Kirby–Bauer Disk diffusion method and the growth inhibition curve of E. coli was examined after the exposure of AgNPs. Also conducted trials of anti-cancer activity and in vivo toxicity | Data not shown | [120] |
Nanoparticles Efficacy | Physicochemical Characteristics of the Nanoparticles | Production Method | Therapeutic Efficacy | MIB and MIC Values | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Data not shown | Data not shown | Ultrasound increased the antibacterial effect of CuO nanoparticles against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa | Data not shown | [129] |
E. coli S. epiderdimis methicillin 655 resistant S.s aureus (superbug MRSA) isolate Spore-forming Bacillus megatarium | Nanoparticles ranged from 30 to 60 nm | Data not shown | Reaction of copper nanoparticles of 100 nm with B. subtilis showed the highest susceptibility (Z = 0.0734 mL/μg) whereas the reaction of silver nanoparticles of 40 nm with E. coli showed the lowest one (Z = 0.0236 mL/μg) | Data not shown | [130] |
B. megatarium, S. epidermidis, E. coli MRSA | Average size of 1.36 ± 0.6 nm | CuCl2 as the precursor, D (+) glucose as the reducing agent, soluble starch as the NP stabilizing agent | Cu1X and Cu10X kill B. megatarium, S. epidermidis, E. coli and MRSA | Data not shown | [131] |
E. coli S. aureus | Spherical morphology and a narrow size distribution with 7 and 14 nm | Mechanochemical method using two different Cu-containing precursors (i.e., CuSO4·5H2O and CuCl2·2H2O) | CuCl2·2H2O derived nanoparticles showed more antibacterial activity than CuSO4.5H2O derived nanoparticles | E. coli MIC:3.75 mg/mL S. aureus MIC: 2.50 mg/mL | [132] |
Nanoparticles Efficacy | Physicochemical Characteristics of the Nanoparticles | Production Method | Therapeutic Efficacy (Tests Employed) | MIB and MIC Values | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. aeruginosa | Average size 18.32 nm | Biological method (extract of A. comosus) | Disc diffusion method | MIC, MIB: 4 μg/mL | [148] |
S. aureus | MIC: 3.92 μg/mL | ||||
E. coli | Average size 150 nm | Biological method (extract of M. piperita) | Disc diffusion method | MIB: 12–16 μg/mL MIC: 4 μg/mL | [149] |
K. pneumoniae | Average size 77.13 and 38.86 (due to extraction method) | Biological method (extract of G. elongate) | Standard agar well diffusion method | MIC: 3.3 μg/mL | [148] |
S. typhimurium | Average size 25 to 35 nm | Biological method (extract of S. brachiate) | Disc diffusion method | MIC, MIB: 8 μg/mL | [150] |
K. oxytoca | Average size 18.7 to 93.7 nm | Biological method (extract of S. marginatum) | Agar well diffusion method | Data not shown | [46] |
E. faecalis | Data not shown | ||||
V. cholerae | Data not shown | ||||
S. paratyphii | Data not shown | ||||
V. parahaemolyticus | Data not shown | ||||
P. vulgaris | Data not shown | ||||
B. subtilis | Average size 6 to 40 nm | Chemical method [sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent+ | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | MIC 7.56 μg/mL | [148] |
Organism and Specie against the Nanoparticles are Effective | Physicochemical Characteristics of the Nanoparticles | Production Method | Therapeutic Efficacy Assessment | MIB and MIC Values | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Escherichia coli Enterococcus faecalis | Spherical and hexagonal-shaped UV–Vis absorption 32.98 nm (600 °C) UV–Vis absorption 81.84 nm (700 °C) | Green method Biosynthesis of ZnO-NPs using Punica granatum fruit peels extract | Antimicrobial susceptibility test shows effective antibacterial activities against two strains of bacteria Cell proliferation assay shows selective toxicity towards colon cancer cells (HCT116) and proved non-toxic to normal cell (CCD112) | MIC E. coli – 64.53 µg/mL MIC E. faecalis – 22.09 µg/mL | [162] |
Pseudomonas otitidis Pseudomonas oleovorans Acinetobacter baumannii Bacillus cereus Enterococcus faecalis | Spherical shape Average size 25–45 nm | Green method Biogenic synthesis of ZnO NPs using Pseudomonas putida broth culture | Antibacterial microsomal triglyceride transfer protein assay shows effective antibacterial activities against all strains of bacteria | MIC 10 µg/mL in all bacteria | [163] |
Staphylococcus aureus | Hexagonal shape UV–Vis absorption 25.57 nm ζ-potential −20.9 mV | Green method Biosynthesis of ZnO-NPs using Cinnamomum Tamala leaf extract | Broth dilution assay, protein leakage analysis, membrane stability analysis, and growth curve analysis show a time and concentration dependent reduction in bacterial growth | MIC 40 µg/mL | [169] |
Escherichia coli Listeria monocytogenes | Uniform rod-shape Average size 20-30 nm diameter, 100–150 nm length | Green method Synthesis using KOH as a hydrolysing agent | The viable colony count method shows effective antibacterial activities against both strains of bacteria | Data not shown | [170] |
Escherichia coli | Spherical shape Average size 60–80 nm | Green method Phyto-assisted synthesis of ZnO-NPs using Cassia alata fresh leaves | Growth kinetic assay demonstrated bacteriostatic effect | MIC 20 µg/mL | [157,171] |
Bacillus cereus Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Serratia marcescens | Needle like shape Average size 90–110 nm | Green method Phyto-assisted synthesis of ZnO-NPs using Berberis aristata leaf extract | Antibacterial activity assay shows effective antibacterial activities against all strains of bacteria and MIC was determinate. The maximum activity was found against Bacillus subtilis | MIC B. cereus – 128 µg/mL B. subtilis – 64 µg/mL E. coli - 256 µg/mL K. pneumoniae – 256 µg/mL S. aureus - 128 µg/mL S. marcescens 64 µg/mL | [172] |
Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Salmonella paratyphi | Spherical shape Average size 20–50 nm | Green method Biosynthesis of ZnO-NPs using aqueous Tabermaemontana divaricata leaf extract | Antibacterial activity assay shows effective antibacterial activities against all strains of bacteria | Data not shown | [173] |
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Sánchez-López, E.; Gomes, D.; Esteruelas, G.; Bonilla, L.; Lopez-Machado, A.L.; Galindo, R.; Cano, A.; Espina, M.; Ettcheto, M.; Camins, A.; et al. Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020292
Sánchez-López E, Gomes D, Esteruelas G, Bonilla L, Lopez-Machado AL, Galindo R, Cano A, Espina M, Ettcheto M, Camins A, et al. Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(2):292. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020292
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-López, Elena, Daniela Gomes, Gerard Esteruelas, Lorena Bonilla, Ana Laura Lopez-Machado, Ruth Galindo, Amanda Cano, Marta Espina, Miren Ettcheto, Antoni Camins, and et al. 2020. "Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview" Nanomaterials 10, no. 2: 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020292