Functional MOF-Based Materials for Environmental and Biomedical Applications: A Critical Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Historical Trajectory of MOF Evolution
3. Properties and Structural Characteristics of MOFs
4. Synthetic Routes for MOF Development
4.1. Solvothermal/Hydrothermal Approach
Type of MOF | Precursor Materials | Solvent Type | Experimental Parameters | Comments | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organic Ligand | Metal Salt | |||||
MIL-47 | C8H6O4 | V2O5 | DMF | 180 °C 20 h | Chemical and thermal robustness | [61] |
UiO-66 | C8H6O4 | Co3O4 | DMF | 120 °C 24 h | Charge separation, as well as visible irradiation adsorption increasement | [63] |
SIMOF-4 | C8H6O6 | Ca(NO3)2·2H2O | C2H6O/H2O | 120 °C 72 h | Exceptional electrochemical features | [64] |
Cd/Zr MOF | C8H6O4 | CdCl2 | DMF | 120 °C 2 h | Enhanced photocatalytic efficiency | [65] |
Bi MOF | C6H3(CO2H)3 | Bi(NO3)3·5H2O | DMF | 120 °C 24 h | Presence of microporosity | [59] |
Ni/Mn MOF | C6H3(CO2H)3 | Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O | C2H6O/H2O | 150 °C 15 h | Exceptional electrochemical features | [66] |
La MOF | La(NO3)2·6H2O | H3L | DMF | 90 °C 72 h | Enhanced sensitivity to amino acids, as well as antibiotics | [67] |
Typ MOF | C15H11N3 | Ni(NO3)2·6H2O | C2H6O/H2O | 160 °C 120 h | Caffeine adsorption ability | [68] |
4.2. Microwave Approach
Type of MOF | Precursor Materials | Solvent Type | Experimental Parameters | Comments | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organic Ligand | Metal Salt | |||||
Zr-UiO-66 Hf-UiO-66 | C8H6O4 | ZrCl4 HfCl4 | DMF | 110 °C 3 min | Exceptional curcumin removal efficiency | [70] |
UTSA-16 | C6H8O7 | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O | C2H6O/H2O | 90 °C 240 min | Increased robustness and selectivity Exceptional CO2 capture efficiency | [73] |
Ni-MOF-74 | DHBDC | Ni(NO3)2·6H2O | DMSO DMF | 100 °C 40 min | Adjustable porosity | [74] |
MIL-88B | C8H6O4 | FeCl3·6H2O NiCl2·6H2O | DMF | 100 °C 60 min | Exceptional photocatalytic attributes | [77] |
Cd/Zr MOF | C8H6O4 | ZrCl4 CdCl2 | DMF | 120 °C 30 min | Enhanced photocatalytic efficiency | [65] |
Al-MIL-53 | C8H6O4 | AlCl3·6H2O | DMF | 220 °C 2 min | Exceptional furfural separation ability | [79] |
Zr MOF | CH2O2 | ZrOCl2·8H2O | DMF | 100 °C 60 min | Efficiency in gas separation applications | [80] |
UiO-66 | C8H6O4 | ZrCl4 | DMF | 120 °C 30 min | Efficiency in sensing applications | [81] |
4.3. Sonochemical Approach
Type of MOF | Precursor Materials | Solvent Type | Experimental Parameters | Comments | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organic Ligand | Metal Salt | |||||
U-CD-MOF | Cyclodextrin | KOH | CH3OH | 20 kHz 10 min 60 °C | Efficiency in caffeic acid loading | [89] |
TMU-34 | 3,6-di(4-pyridyl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O | DMF | 40 kHz 160 min 120 °C | Efficiency in sensing applications | [90] |
MOF-525 | Tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin | ZrCl4·8H2O | DMF | 20 kHz 150 min 80 °C | Enhanced surface area and pore volume | [91] |
MOF-545 | Tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin | ZrCl4·8H2O | DMF | 20 kHz 30 min 80 °C | Enhanced surface area and pore volume | [91] |
Co MOF | C9H6O6 | Co(CH3CO2)2·4H2O | Distilled water | 40 kHz 30 min 25 °C | Increased Congo red dye removal effectiveness | [92] |
4.4. Mechanochemical Approach
4.5. Ambient Temperature Stirring Approach
4.6. Electrospinning Approach
4.7. Carbonization Approach
4.8. Electrochemical Approach
5. Environmental Applications of MOFs in Wastewater Treatment
5.1. Adsorptive Removal of Heavy Metals
5.2. Adsorptive Removal of Fluoride
5.3. Adsorptive Removal of Organic Dyes
5.4. Adsorptive Removal of Antibiotics
5.5. Adsorptive Removal of Pesticides and Herbicides
5.6. Adsorptive Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Substances
5.7. General Limitations
6. Biomedical Applications of MOFs
6.1. MOFs in Cancer Disease
6.2. MOFs in Diabetes and Wound Healing
6.3. MOFs in Brain and Neurological Disorders
6.4. Toxicity Issues of MOFs
6.5. Limitations in Biomedical Applications
7. Future Perspectives
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of MOF | Precursor Materials | Solvent Type | Experimental Parameters | Comments | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organic Ligand | Metal Salt | |||||
ZIF-62 | C3H4N2 | ZnO | SF | G, 30 min | Mixed metal MOFs | [95] |
ZIF-8 | C4H6N2 | ZnO | SF | BL, 720 min | Well-dispersed MOFs | [96] |
ZIF-8 | C4H6N2 | Zn(OH)2 | SF | G, 60 min | Rapid fabrication of MOFs | [97] |
ZIF-8 | C4H6N2 | ZnCO3 | SF | BL, 720 min | MOFs with increased specific surface area | [98] |
ZIF-8/ ZIF-67 | C4H6N2 | Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O/Co(CH3COO)2 2H2O | SF | BL, 120 min | Water-robust MOFs | [99] |
MOF-74 | C8H6O6 | Mg(NO3)2 6H2O | SF | G, 5 min | MOFs with increased crystallinity and specific surface area | [100] |
MOF-74 | C8H6O6 | ZnO | DMF | G, 70 min | MOFs with high crystallinity and porosity | [101] |
Ni-UiO-66 | C8H6O4 | Ni(NO3)2 6H2O | SF | BL, 10 min | MOFs with enhanced catalytic efficiency in H2 generation reactions | [102] |
Solvothermal Approach | Mechanochemical Approach |
---|---|
Multistage procedure. | One-stage procedure. |
Elevated thermal energy demand. | Room temperature. |
Massive volumes of liquid waste produced. | Negligible production of liquid wastes. |
Large amounts of potentially noxious solvents consumed. | Solvent-free or limited amounts of solvents used. |
Increased costs (multiple steps, solvents, post-waste treatment). | Low cost. |
Basic equipment requirements. | Distinctive mills and grinders requirements. |
Products with enhanced crystallinity. | Potential development of amorphous phases. |
Ease in precise control of the reaction procedure. | Difficulties in precise control of the reaction procedure. |
Development of pure products. | Potential impurities during milling. |
Type of MOF | Precursor Materials | Solvent Type | Comments | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organic Ligand | Metal Salt | ||||
ZIF-8 | C4H6N2 | Zn(NO3)2 | CH3OH | MOFs with adjustable particle size | [106] |
ZIF-8 | C4H6N2 | Zn(NO3)2 6H2O | Distilled water | Two-dimensional bimetallic MOFs with flake-like nanosheet shapes | [107] |
MOF-801 | Tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin | ZrCl4 8H2O | N/A | MOFs with adjustable particle size | [108] |
BZIF-8-B | C4H6N2 | Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O | Distilled water | Multiphase biomolecular MOFs | [104] |
PCN-224-RT | Tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin | Zr(OBu)4 | DMF | Robust and functional porphyrinic MOFs for the encapsulation of metallic nanoparticles | [109] |
ZIF-67-NS | C4H6N2 | Co(NO3)2 6H2O | DMF | Ultrathin 2D MOFs with exceptional adsorption efficiency towards As3+ | [103] |
Fe-Co MOF | C8H6O4 | Co(NO3)2 6H2O/FeCl3 6H2O | DMF | Nanosheet-shaped MOFs possessing electrocatalytic attributes | [110] |
NKMOF-8-Br | C5H2N4 | CuI | C2H3N | Isostructural MOFs with 3D porous (ultra μm) network | [111] |
Type of MOF Product | Precursor Materials | Utilized Conditions during Synthesis | Comments | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
MOF nanofibers | PVP, ZIF-8 | 5 kV, 0.35 mL/h | Hierarchical MOF nanofibers with increased porosity | [115] |
MOF nanofibers | PAN, ZIF-8 | 18 kV, 1 mL/h | Robust MOF fibers with exceptional reusability regarding the elimination of various pollutants | [116] |
MOF nanofibers | PAN, ZIF-8 | 20 kV, 0.5 mL/h | MOF fibers with enhanced adsorption efficiency in the elimination of ionic dyes | [117] |
MOF nanofibers | PVA, Ni MOF | 20 kV, 0.1 mL/h | MOF fibers used for CH4 adsorption | [118] |
MOF carbon nanofiber | PAN, ZIF-8 | 25 kV, 0.48 mL/h | Hierarchical MOF nanofibers with increased porosity | [119] |
MOF membranes | PVP, ZIF-8 | 12 kV | ZIF-8 membranes lacking defects | [120] |
Type of MOF Product | Precursor Materials | Utilized Conditions during Synthesis | BET Surface Area (m2/g) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Porous carbon | Zn(bdc)(ted)0.5 | 310 °C 60 min N2 | 1270 | [126] |
Porous carbon | MOF-5 | 1000 °C 120 min Ar | 1884 | [127] |
Bimetallic porous N-doped carbon | ZIF-67 | 675 °C 180 min Ar | 244 | [128] |
Bimetallic porous carbon | ZIF-8 | 800 °C 360 min N2 | 1439.5 | [129] |
Hierarchical porous carbon | Zn3(fumarate)3(DMF)2 | 1100 °C 480 min Ar | 1834 | [130] |
N-doped carbon nanotubes | ZIF-8 | 350–900 °C | 1323.5 | [131] |
Carbon composite membrane | MIL-125-NH2 | 800 °C 120 min N2 | 266 | [132] |
N-doped porous carbon | ZIF-8 | 900 °C 120 min N2 | 3077 | [133] |
MOFs’ Synthetic Approach | Benefits | Drawbacks |
---|---|---|
Solvothermal/ hydrothermal |
|
|
Microwave |
|
|
Sonochemical |
|
|
Mechanochemical |
|
|
Ambient temperature stirring |
|
|
Electrospinning |
|
|
Carbonization |
|
|
Electrochemical |
|
|
Type of MOF | Synthetic Approach | Heavy Metals Tested | Adsorption Efficiency (mg/g) | Kinetic Model | Isotherm Model | Reusability | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe3O4-Zr MOF | Coprecipitation | Hg2+, Cd2+ Pb2+ | 431 393 397 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 3 cycles | [189] |
UiO-66-Cl UiO-66-S | Solvothermal | Fe3+ | 480 | Pseudo-second-order | - | 6 cycles | [182] |
Zr MOF | Solvothermal | Cu2+ | 125 | - | - | - | [178] |
UiO-66-EDA | Michael addition reaction | Pb2+ Cd2+ Cu2+ | 243.9 217.4 208.3 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 4 cycles | [175] |
ZIF-67 | Facile method | Cu2+ Cr6+ | 200.6 152.1 | - | - | 5 cycles | [40] |
ZIF-67@Fe3O4@ESM composite | Ultrasound-assisted method | Cu2+ | 344.8 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 5 cycles | [202] |
PCN-221 | Solvothermal | Hg2+ | 233 | Pseudo-second order | Langmuir | 3 cycles | [196] |
[Zn2(oba)2(bpfb)] (DMF)5 (TMU-23) | Solvothermal | Pb2+ | 434.7 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 3 cycles | [176] |
{[(Zn (ADB)L0.5] 1.5DMF}n | Solvothermal | Pb2+ | 463.5 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 3 cycles | [203] |
Melamine-modified MOFs | Thermal-promoted method | Pb2+ | 122 | Pseudo-second-order | - | 5 cycles | [184] |
Other adsorbents | |||||||
Eragrostis tef activated carbon | Pyrolysis | Pb2+ | 43 | Pseudo-second-order | - | - | [204] |
Hydrochar | Solvothermal | Pb2+ | 38.3 | Yoon–Nelson | - | - | [205] |
Multi-wall CNTs | - | Cu2+ Zn2+ Fe2+ Pb2+ | 142.8 250 111.1 200 | Pseudo-second order | Langmuir | - | [206] |
GO | Hummer | Pb2+ | 55.8 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | - | [207] |
Fly ash | - | Cd2+ | 124.9 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | - | [208] |
Bottom ash | - | Cd2+ | 23.3 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | - | [209] |
HAp | Ultrasonic | Cu2+ Zn2+ Cd2+ | 272 285 304 | Pseudo-second-order | Freundlich | - | [209] |
HAp-HA | - | Cu2+ | 35.2 | Elovich | Sips | 4 cycles | [210] |
Type of MOF | Synthetic Approach | Organic Dye Tested | Adsorption Efficiency (mg/g) | Kinetic Model | Isotherm Model | Reusability | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOF 8 | Sol–gel | Malachite green | 613 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 3 cycles | [226] |
Ca-Al MOF | Ion exchange | Malachite green | 84.5% (elimination capacity) | Modified pseudo-first-order | - | - | [233] |
Fe MOF | Hydrothermal | Alizarin red | 176.7 | Pseudo-first-order | Langmuir | - | [234] |
Fe MOF | Hydrothermal | Rhodamine B | 90% (elimination capacity) | Pseudo-first-order | - | 4 cycles | [238] |
Bi MOF | - | Rhodamine B | 98% (elimination capacity) | Pseudo-first-order | - | 4 cycles | [239] |
Ni(II)-doped MIL-101(Cr) | Hydrothermal | Congo red/ methyl orange | 1607.4 651.2 | - | - | 4 cycles | [245] |
{[Zn(1,3-BDC)L]•H2O}n | Hydrothermal | Amido black 10B, methyl orange, direct red 80 | 2402.82 (AB), 744 (MO), 1496.34 (DR) | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir/Sips | 5 cycles | [91] |
ZIF-67@ Fe3O4@ESM | Sonochemical | Basic red 18 | 250.8 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 5 cycles | [202] |
Ni-MOF-199 | Solvothermal | Methylene blue | 765 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | - | [237] |
Ni-MOF-199 | Solvothermal | Methylene blue | 798 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | - | [237] |
ZIF-67 | - | Active red X-3B | 100% (elimination capacity) | - | - | - | [40] |
ZIF-67@wood composite | Carbonization | Congo red Methylene blue | 1117.03 (CR) 805.08 (MB) | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 20 cycles | [242] |
Other adsorbents | |||||||
Rice husk activated carbon | Carbonization | Rhodamine B | 478.5 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | - | [246] |
Orange peel activated carbon | Microwave pyrolysis | Malachite green | 28.5 | - | - | - | [247] |
Activated carbon aerogel | - | Methylene blue | 416.7 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 3 cycles | [248] |
GO-HAp | Sonochemical | Congo red/Trypan blue | 48.5 41.0 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 4 cycles | [249] |
Magnetic xanthate modified chitosan | - | Methylene blue/Safranin O | 197.8 169.8 | Pseudo-second-order | Sips | - | [250] |
GO-activated carbon | Methylene blue/Crystal violet | 147.0 70.0 | Pseudo-second-order | Freundlich Langmuir | 5 cycles | [251] |
Type of MOF | Synthetic Approach | Antibiotics’ Tested | Adsorption Efficiency (mg/g) | Kinetic Model | Isotherm Model | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCN-222 | Solvothermal | Chloramphenicol | 370 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | [259] |
MOF–chitosan composite | Solvothermal | Tetracycline | 495 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | [266] |
Alg@MOF-rGO | - | Tetracycline | 43.8 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | [264] |
Alg@MOF-rGO | - | Ciprofloxacin | 40.8 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | [264] |
UiO-66 | Tetracycline | 145 | Elovich | Sips | [262] | |
NU-1000 | Solvothermal | Tetracycline | 356 | Elovich | Sips | [262] |
MOF-525 | Solvothermal | Tetracycline | 807 | Pseudo-second-order | Sips | [262] |
α-Fe/Fe3C MOF composite | Solvothermal | Tetracycline | 166.7 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | [258] |
Fe MOF | Solvothermal | Tetracycline | 714.3 | - | - | [261] |
Fe MOF | Solvothermal | Norfloxacin | 346.6 | - | - | [261] |
CuCo/C-MOF-71 | Carbonization | Ciprofloxacin | 90% (elimination efficiency) | - | - | [263] |
NH2-MIL-101-Fe | Metronidazole | 90% (elimination efficiency) | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | [273] | |
Other adsorbents | ||||||
Biochar | Calcination | Tetracycline | 297.90 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | [274] |
Hydrochar | Hydrothermal carbonization | Sulfamethoxazole | 740.6 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | [275] |
Magnetic orange peel adsorbent | Microwave | Sulfamethoxazole | 120 | Pseudo-second-order | Redlich-Peterson | [276] |
Hydrogel | Carbonization | Ciprofloxacin | 106 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | [277] |
Nanocellulose | Hydrolysis | Diclofenac | 192 | Pseudo-second-order | Halsey | [278] |
Material | Function | Disease/Disorder | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Cu3(TMA)2(H2O)3]n in Cu-BTC NPs MOFs | Sensor (VOC detection) | Lung cancer, etc. | [324] |
Nanoscale zirconium–porphyrin metal–organic framework (NPMOF)-based IGTS (ion-gated transistors) | Fluorescent imaging/chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) | Cancer | [327] |
Eu, Gd-NMOF@SiO2 NPs | Imaging (MRI) | Cancer | [328] |
Zn MOF | Drug delivery | Cancer | [329] |
Ti-based MOF AgNPs | Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) | Cancer | [330] |
Lanthanide-doped up conversion NPs and Mn MOFs (DUCNPs-MnMOF) | Drug delivery | Cancer | [331] |
Amino-triphenyl dicarboxylate-bridged Zr4+ MOF nanoparticles | Drug delivery | Cancer | [333] |
Material | Function | Disorder | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Co-based 2D metal nanosheets | Glucose sensor | Diabetes | [335] |
Bimetallic (Ni and Co) MOF | Sensor | Diabetes | [336] |
ZIF@Ins@GOx | Glucose responsive delivery system | Diabetes | [337] |
Zn(BTC)4 MOF | Drug delivery–treatment | Wound healing | [338] |
HKUST-1 (copper-based MOF) | Therapy | Wound healing | [339] |
Material | Function | Disorder | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Fe-MIL-88B-NH2-NOTA-DMK6240/MB | Drug delivery, MRI contrast material | Alzheimer’s disease | [341] |
Μn-ZIF-8 | Drug delivery, in vivo MRI | Glioma | [342] |
2D MOFs | Electroanalytical device (voltammetric detection) | Parkinson’s disease | [343] |
Cu-Al2O3-g-C3N4-Pd | Immunosensor | Alzheimer’s disease | [344] |
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Gatou, M.-A.; Vagena, I.-A.; Lagopati, N.; Pippa, N.; Gazouli, M.; Pavlatou, E.A. Functional MOF-Based Materials for Environmental and Biomedical Applications: A Critical Review. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13152224
Gatou M-A, Vagena I-A, Lagopati N, Pippa N, Gazouli M, Pavlatou EA. Functional MOF-Based Materials for Environmental and Biomedical Applications: A Critical Review. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(15):2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13152224
Chicago/Turabian StyleGatou, Maria-Anna, Ioanna-Aglaia Vagena, Nefeli Lagopati, Natassa Pippa, Maria Gazouli, and Evangelia A. Pavlatou. 2023. "Functional MOF-Based Materials for Environmental and Biomedical Applications: A Critical Review" Nanomaterials 13, no. 15: 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13152224