Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional MXene for Supercapacitor Applications: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Synthesis of MXene 2D
3. Key Properties of 2D MXene for Supercapacitor
3.1. Excellent Mechanical Flexibility of MXene
3.2. Hydrophilic and Dispersibility of Mxene
3.3. Conductivity of MXene
3.4. Charge Storage Mechanism
3.5. High Density and Gravimetric Capacitance of MXene
4. Designing 2D-MXene Electrode
5. Charge Storage and Its Influence on the Surface Group of MXene
6. MXenes as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
6.1. Control of Size of MXene Flake
6.2. Category of Composition
6.3. Heteroatoms Do** and the Control of Surface-Terminus Group
6.4. Fabricating Vertical Alignments
6.5. 3D Microporous Sphere/Tube Ti3C2Tx
6.6. Design of 3D Porous MXene Electrode
7. MXene Composite Material for Capacitor Electrode
7.1. MXene/Conducting Polymers
7.2. MXene/Metal and MXene/Metal Oxides
8. Capacitive Mechanism of MXene in Electrolytes
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Versatility | Synthesis | Electrode Assembly | Electrolyte | Capacitance | Cycle Stability | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti3C2Tx | HF etching Ti3AlC2 and DMSO delamination | Filtrating into film | 1 M KOH | 350 F cm−3 | no degradation (10,000 cycles) | [41] |
Ti3C2Tx | HCl/HF etching Ti3AlC2 | Rolling | 1 M H2SO4 | 900 F cm−3 or 245 F g−1 | no degradation (10,000 cycles) | [39] |
Ti3C2Tx | Lewis acidic molten salt etching Ti3SiC2 | Rolling | 1 M LiPF6- EC/DMC | 738 C g−1 or 205 mAh g−1 | 90% (2400 cycles) | [31] |
Ti3CTx | HF etching Ti2AlC | Rolling | 1 M KOH | 517 F cm−3 | no degradation (3000 cycles) | [85] |
Ti3NTx | oxygen-assisted molten salt etching Ti2AlN2 and HCl treatment | Coating | 1 M MgSO4 | 201 F g−1 | 140% (1000 cycles) | [88] |
V2C | HF etching V2AlC and TMAOH delamination | Rolling | 1 M H2SO4 | 487 F g−1 | 83% (10,000 cycles) | [89] |
V4C3Tx | HF etching V4AlC3 | Coating | 1 M H2SO4 | ~209 F g−1 | 97.23% (10,000 cycles) | [90] |
Nb4C3Tx | HF etching Nb4AlC3 and TMAOH delamination | Rolling | 1 M H2SO4 | 1075 F cm−3 | 76% (5000 cycles) | [91] |
Ta4C3 | HF etching Ta4AlC3 | Coating | 0.1 M H2SO4 | 481 F g−1 | 89% (2000 cycles) | [92] |
Mo2CTx | HF etching Mo2Ga2C and TBAOH delamination | Filtrating into film | 1 M H2SO4 | 700 F cm−3 | no degradation (10,000 cycles) | [36] |
Mo2TiC2Tx | HF etching and DMSO delamination Mo2TiAlC2 | Rolling | 1 M H2SO4 | 413 F cm−3 | no degradation (10,000 cycles) | [43] |
Electrode | Preparation | Electrolyte | Capacitance | Cyclability | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Controlling flake size | |||||
Ti3C2Tx film | Mixing large and small flakes | 3 M H2SO4 | 435~86 F g−1 | 10,000 cycles | [69] |
Adding spacer between MXene interlayer | |||||
75 μm Ti3C2Txpillared by hydrazine | Suspending in hydrazine | 1 M H2SO4 | 250~210 F g−1 | no decay (10,000 cycles) | [110] |
Ti3C2Tx/graphene 3% film | Mixing and filtration | 3 M H2SO4 | 438~302 F g−1 | no decay | [111] |
Sandwiched Ti3C2Tx/CNT 5% film | Alternative filtration | 1 M MgSO4 | 390~280 F cm−3 | no decay | [112] |
V2CTx/alkali metal cations film | Cation-driven assembly | 3 M H2SO4 | 1315~>300 F cm−3 | 106 cycles | [113] |
Ti3C2Txionogel film | Immersing into EMITFSI | EMITFSI | 70~52.5 F g−1 | 1000 cycles | [114] |
Ti3C2/CNTs film | Electrophoretic deposition | 6 M KOH | 134~55 F g−1 | no decay | [115] |
carbon-intercalated Ti3C2Tx | In situ carbonization | 1 M H2SO4 | 364.3~193.3 F g−1 | 10,000 cycles | [116] |
Ti3C2Tx@rGO film | Plasma exfoliation | PVA/H2SO4 | 54~35 mF cm−2 | 1000 cycles | [117] |
Designing 3D/porous structure | |||||
13 μm Ti3C2Tx film | 1~2 μm PMMA template | 3 M H2SO4 | 310~100 F g−1 | - | [59] |
MXene/CNTs film | Ice template | 3 M H2SO4 | 375~92 F g−1 | 10,000 cycles | [118] |
Ti3C2 aerogel | assembly and freeze-drying | 1 M KOH | 87.1~66.7 F g−1 | 10,000 cycles | [119] |
Ti3C2Txhydrogel | assembly and freeze-drying | H2SO4 | 370~165 F g−1 | 10,000 cycles | [54] |
Ti3C2Tx/carbon cloth | Freeze-drying with KOH treatment | 1 M H2SO4 | 312~200 mF cm−2 | 8000 cycles | [120] |
Ti3C2Tx/Ni foam | Electrophoretic deposition | 1 M KOH | 140~110 F g−1 | 10,000 cycles | [121] |
Compact and nanoporous Ti3C2Tx film | Freeze-drying and mechanically pressing | 3 M H2SO4 | 932~462 F cm−3 | 5000 cycles | [122] |
3D porous Ti3C2Tx film | Reduced-repulsion freeze casting assembly | 3 M H2SO4 | 358.8~207.9 F g−1 | 10,000 cycles | [123] |
Fabricating vertical alignments | |||||
Anti-T Ti3C2Tx film | Filtrating through an entwined metal mesh | 1 M H2SO4 | 361~275 F g−1 | 10,000 cycles | [106] |
200 μm Ti3C2Tx film | Mechanical shearing of a discotic lamellar liquid-crystal MXene | 3 M H2SO4 | >200 F g−1 | 20,000 cycles | [105] |
Electrode | Electrolyte | Gravimetric Capacitance (F g−1) | Cycling Stability | Flexibility | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti3C2Tx | 1 M H2SO4 | 314 (2 mV s−1) | 89.1% retention (5 mA g−1), 10,000 cycles | - | [52] |
Ti3C2Tx | 3 M H2SO4 | 380 (10 mV s−1) | Over 90% retention (10 mA g−1), 10,000 cycles | Flexible film | [78] |
Ti3C2Tx | 1 M KOH | 130 (2 mV s−1) | 100% retention (1 mA g−1), 10,000 cycles | Flexible film | [162] |
Ti3C2Tx/rGO | 3 M H2SO4 | 335 (2 mV s−1) | 100% retention (1 mA g−1), 20,000 cycles | Flexible film | [163] |
Ti3C2Tx/CNT | MgSO4 | 125 (2 mV s−1) | 100% retention (5 A g−1), 10,000 cycles | Flexible film | [112] |
Ti3C2Tx/PPy | 1 M H2SO4 | 416 (5 mV s−1) | 92% retention (100 mV s−1), 25,000 cycles | Flexible film | [117] |
Ti3C2Tx/NiCo2S4 | 3 M KOH | 1147.47 (1 A g−1) | 91.1% retention (10 A g−1), 3000 cycles | - | [164] |
Ti3C2Tx/graphene | H2SO4 | 542 (5 mV s−1) | ~ 52% retention (1000 mV s−1) 5000 cycles | - | [165] |
Ti3C2Tx/hydrogel | H2SO4 | 370~165 (5~1000 A g−1) | ~ 98% retention (10 A g−1) 10,000 cycles | - | [166] |
CuO@ AuPd@MnO2 Core-shell whiskers | 1 M KOH | 1376 (5 mV s−1) | 99% retention (5 mVs−1) 5000 cycles | - | [167] |
Ni-MOF | 3 M KOH | 988 (1.4 A g−1) | 96.5% retention(1.4 A g−1) 5000 cycles | Flexible film | [168] |
PANI-ZIF67 | 3 M KCl | 2146 (10 mV s−1) | - | Flexible | [169] |
α-Fe2O3@ C | 1 M Na2SO4 | 1232.4 (2 mA cm−2) | 97.6% retention(2 mA cm−2) 4000 cycles | Flexible (97.1 6% retention after 4000 bending cycles) | [170] |
MOFC/CNT | 6 M KOH | 381.2 (5 mV s−1) | 95% retention (5 mV s−1) 10,000 cycles | Flexible | [171] |
TiO2 nanospindles | 6 M KOH | 897 (0.21 A g−1) | 75% retention (0.21 A g−1) 5000 cycles | - | [172] |
NiCo2O4 NWARs/PPy | 3 M KOH | 2244 (1 A g−1) | 89.2% retention (1 A g−1) 5000 cycles | - | [173] |
CoO-NiO-ZnO | 3 M KOH | 2115.5 (1 A g−1) | 87.9% retention (1 A g−1) 5000 cycles | - | [174] |
ZIF/PPy | 1 M Na2SO4 | 554.4 (0.5 A g−1) | 90.7% retention (0.5 A g−1) 10,000 cycles | Little capacitance fading up to 180 bending cycles | [175] |
UiO-66/polypyrrole | 3 M KCl | 90.5 (5 mV s−1) | 96% retention (5 mV s−1) 1000 cycles | 96% retention after 1000 bending cycles | [176] |
PANI/UiO-66 | PVA/H2SO4 | 1015 (1 A g−1) | 84% retention (1 A g−1) 3500 cycles | 90% retention after 800 bending cycle is | [177] |
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Otgonbayar, Z.; Yang, S.; Kim, I.-J.; Oh, W.-C. Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional MXene for Supercapacitor Applications: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 919. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13050919
Otgonbayar Z, Yang S, Kim I-J, Oh W-C. Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional MXene for Supercapacitor Applications: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(5):919. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13050919
Chicago/Turabian StyleOtgonbayar, Zambaga, Sunhye Yang, Ick-Jun Kim, and Won-Chun Oh. 2023. "Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional MXene for Supercapacitor Applications: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives" Nanomaterials 13, no. 5: 919. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13050919