Recent Progress of Biodegradable Polymer Package Materials: Nanotechnology Improving Both Oxygen and Water Vapor Barrier Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fundamental Principles
2.1. Fundamental Principles of Permeation of Gases through Polymer Films
2.2. Representing Method and Testing Method of Barrier Properties of Polymer Materials
2.2.1. Representing Method of Barrier Properties
2.2.2. Different Test Methods for Oxygen and Water Vapor Permeability
2.3. Oxygen and Water Vapor Barrier Property of Some Commercial Polymer Package Materials
2.4. Basic Ways and Methods to Improve the Barrier Property
2.4.1. Blending vs. Multi-Layer Composite
Polymer Blending
Multi-Layer Composite
2.4.2. Polymer/Inorganic Layered Material Nanocomposites
2.4.3. Surface Barrier Coating Methods
Surface Inorganic Coating
Surface Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Nanocoating
Surface Organic Coating
2.4.4. Polymer Structure/Architecture Tailoring
2.4.5. Crystallization and Orientation
3. Biodegradable Polymers and Their Potential as High Gas Barrier Packaging Materials
3.1. Classification of Biodegradable Polymers and Their Properties
3.2. Research on Improving the Barrier Properties of the Biodegradable Polymers
3.2.1. Cellulose-Based Biodegradable Polymers
Chemical Modification
Addition of Inorganic Flake Nano-Filler
Surface Coating
Layer-by-Layer Assembly
3.2.2. Starch Based Biodegradable Polymers
3.2.3. Protein Based Biodegradable Polymers
3.2.4. Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Biodegradable Polymers
3.2.5. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)-Based Biodegradable Polymers
3.2.6. Poly(Propylene Carbonate) (PPC)-Based Biodegradable Polymers
3.2.7. Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT)-Based Biodegradable Polymers
- The price or cost-effectiveness of biodegradable material manufacturing needs to be addressed in advance. The prices of petroleum-based plastics such as PP, PE, and PET are around $1.1–1.4/Kg, while the average prices of commercial PHAs, PCL, PBS, PLA, PPC, and PBAT are around $6.9/Kg, $6.4/Kg, $3.3/Kg, $3.0/Kg, $3.2/Kg, and $1.7/Kg, in turn. The cost of the cheapest biodegradable plastic is still higher than the current widely used petroleum-based plastic. To address this issue, two key aspects can be considered: first is exploring new technologies towards high purity and low-cost monomers so as to develop new low-cost biodegradable plastics products; Secondly, increasing production capacity through stimulating market demand will also play a vital role in cutting down the production cost.
- The construction of organic/inorganic hybrid nanocoatings has emerged as a facile and effective strategy to enhance the oxygen barrier property of biodegradable materials. However, due to the coating layer being mostly composed of hydrophilic inorganic nanosheets and hydrophilic polymers, the barrier against water vapor is not as expected. Therefore, more research attention should be paid to the design of all-organic or all-polymer multilayer degradable hydrophobic coatings for enhancing the water vapor barrier properties of biodegradable polymer films.
- A more recent strategy for overcoming some drawbacks of biodegradable is the preparation of multilayer polymeric films by coextrusion or blending with different biodegradable polymers. The application of this strategy is restricted by the limited variety and compatibility of commercial biodegradable polymers. So, the development of more biodegradable polymers and the research on compatibility improving of biodegradable polymers will continue to rise in the near future.
- Multiple strategies should be simultaneously applied to obtain a biodegradable packaging material with comprehensive performances, such as biodegradable polymer blending to tailor the mechanical and thermal properties combined with a surface coating to increase the barrier properties further.
- Although previous research has achieved success in improving the barrier, mechanical, or thermal properties of biodegradable materials, few real application properties of these materials for packaging were reported, which is one of the targets to be explored in the future.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Representing Method | Units | Standard | |
---|---|---|---|
Oxygen barrier performance | Oxygen Permeability, OP | cm3/(m·24 h·0.1 MPa) | GBT19789-2021 |
cm3·cm/(m2·s·Pa) | GBT1038.1-2022 | ||
Oxygen Transmission Rate, OTR | cm3/(m2·24 h·0.1 MPa) | GBT19789-2021 | |
cm3/(m2·day·Pa) | GBT1038.1-2022 | ||
Water vapor barrier performance | Water Vapor Permeability, WVP | g·cm/(m2·s·Pa) | GBT 1037-1988 |
g·mm/(m2·day) | GBT 21529-2008 | ||
Water Vapor Transmission Rate, WVTR | g/(m2·24 h) | GBT 1037-1988 | |
g/(m2·24 h) | GBT 21529-2008 |
Entry | Sample | OP (cm3·mm/(m2·day)) | WVP (g·mm/(m2·day)) | Density (g/cm3) | Crystallinity (χ) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | PET | 1.536 (23 °C, 0% RH) | 0.098 (23 °C, 50% RH) | 1.37 | 30~40 | [13,14] |
2 | BOPP | 37.2 (23 °C, 0% RH) | 0.022 (23 °C, 50% RH) | 0.91~0.92 | 45~60 | [13,15] |
3 | HDPE | 64.262 (23 °C, 0% RH) | 0.015 (23 °C, 50% RH) | 0.95~0.97 | 57~79 | [13,16] |
4 | LDPE | 102.87 (23 °C, 0% RH) | 0.053 (23 °C, 50% RH) | 0.91~0.93 | 27~28 | [13,17] |
5 | PA | 1.015 ± 0.006 (23 °C, 0% RH) | 0.099 ± 0.004 (38 °C, 90% RH) | 1.0~1.1 | 20~25 | [18,19] |
6 | PVDC | 0.012 (23 °C, 0% RH) | 0.014 (38 °C, 100% RH) | 1.96 | 50~80 | [20] |
7 | EVOH | 0.0023 (23 °C, 0% RH) | 70.848 (23 °C, 95% RH) | 1.13~1.21 | 34~36 | [21,22,23] |
Entry | Sample | OP | WVP | Tg/°C h | Tm/°C i | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Ultimate Strain (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cellulose | 0.365 a,c | 2.305 e,f | -- | -- | 110 | 23 | [79] |
2 | Starch | 0.06–14 a | 0.07–0.7 e | 100~101 | 209~211 | 1~15 | 2~30 | [80,81,82,83,84] |
3 | Whey protein isolate | 0.0053 b,c | 526.287 e,g | -- | -- | 4.38 | 75.83 | [85] |
4 | PCL | 60~80 a | 1.8~7.2 × 103 e | (−65~−50) | 55~56 | 24~33 | 200~450 | [86,87,88] |
5 | PLA | 18~25 a | 1~5 e | 55~62 | 148~166 | 20~75 | 2~12 | [13,89,90,91,92,93] |
6 | mcl-PHA | 197 b,d | - | (−66~−16) | 25~55 | 3.9 ± 0.69 | 273 ± 27 | [94] |
7 | PPC | 2~3 ac | 1~5 e | 17~32 | -- | 3~15 | 500~1000 | [95,96,97] |
8 | PBAT | 49~104 a | 6~15 e | (−31~−28) | 120~121 | 30~40 | 490~1700 | [98,99,100,101,102] |
9 | PBS | 4~30 a | 5~15 e | (−36~−33) | 104~113 | 30~50 | 15~185 | [103,104,105] |
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Yue, S.; Zhang, T.; Wang, S.; Han, D.; Huang, S.; **ao, M.; Meng, Y. Recent Progress of Biodegradable Polymer Package Materials: Nanotechnology Improving Both Oxygen and Water Vapor Barrier Performance. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14040338
Yue S, Zhang T, Wang S, Han D, Huang S, **ao M, Meng Y. Recent Progress of Biodegradable Polymer Package Materials: Nanotechnology Improving Both Oxygen and Water Vapor Barrier Performance. Nanomaterials. 2024; 14(4):338. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14040338
Chicago/Turabian StyleYue, Shuangshuang, Tianwei Zhang, Shuan** Wang, Dongmei Han, Sheng Huang, Min **ao, and Yuezhong Meng. 2024. "Recent Progress of Biodegradable Polymer Package Materials: Nanotechnology Improving Both Oxygen and Water Vapor Barrier Performance" Nanomaterials 14, no. 4: 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14040338