Recent Advances in Tactile Sensory Systems: Mechanisms, Fabrication, and Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mechanisms for Designing Tactile Sensors
2.1. Piezoresistive Tactile Sensors
2.2. Capacitance-Based Tactile Sensors
2.3. Piezoelectric Tactile Sensors
2.4. Triboelectric Tactile Sensors
3. Fabrication Techniques for Tactile Sensors
3.1. Inkjet Printing
3.2. Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing
Types | Materials | Resolution | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DIW | Polymer, e.g., hydrogel Electronic materials, e.g., semiconductor and conductor | 1~100 μm | High resolution Material versatility Customization and complexity | High equipment costs Low printing speed Material limitations Low durability and longevity | [104,105,106] |
FDM | Thermoplastic materials, e.g., cellulose nanocrystals and polymer composites | 50~400 μm | Material accessibility Ease of use Structural integrity Customization and flexibility Rapid prototy** | Limited resolution Material limitations Printed layer visibility Potential for war** and shrinkage | [107,108,109] |
DLP | Photopolymer and its composites | 25~100 μm | High resolution Smooth surface finish Rapid prototy** Material versatility Consistency | Limited build volume Material cost and availability Post-processing Sensitive to light and storage conditions | [110,111,112,113] |
SLA | Photopolymer and its composites | 25~100 μm | High resolution Smooth surface finish Material versatility Consistency High elaboration of detail | Limited build volume High cost for material, operation and maintenance Post-processing Limited durability | [114,115,116,117,118] |
MJP | Photopolymer and thermoplastic materials | <300 μm | High resolution Multi-material printing Smooth surface finish High precision and consistency Efficient use of materials | High material cost Post-processing Limited durability Limited build volume | [119,120,121] |
3.3. Four-Dimensional (4D) Printing
3.4. Transfer Printing
4. Representative Applications of Tactile Sensors
4.1. Intelligent Robotics
4.2. Wearable Devices
4.3. Prosthetics
4.4. Health Care
5. Challenges and Perspectives
5.1. Power Consumption of Tactile Sensors
5.2. Stability and Endurance of Tactile Sensors
5.3. Feedback Time of Tactile Sensors
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kim, S.; Lee, Y.; Kim, H.-D.; Choi, S.-J. A tactile sensor system with sensory neurons and a perceptual synaptic network based on semivolatile carbon nanotube transistors. NPG Asia Mater. 2020, 12, 76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skedung, L.; Arvidsson, M.; Chung, J.Y.; Stafford, C.M.; Berglund, B.; Rutland, M.W. Feeling Small: Exploring the Tactile Perception Limits. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 2617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chun, S.; Kim, J.-S.; Yoo, Y.; Choi, Y.; Jung, S.J.; Jang, D.; Lee, G.; Song, K.-I.; Nam, K.S.; Youn, I.; et al. An artificial neural tactile sensing system. Nat. Electron. 2021, 4, 429–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, Y.; Li, Y.; Sharma, P.; Shou, W.; Wu, K.; Foshey, M.; Li, B.; Palacios, T.; Torralba, A.; Matusik, W. Learning human–environment interactions using conformal tactile textiles. Nat. Electron. 2021, 4, 193–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, Z.; Lin, L.; Lin, W.; Xu, Y.; ** of a Prosthetic Hand. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2022, 4, 869–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ** system dedicated for use in quality control of 3D prints produced by stereolithography 3D printing (SLA) and laser engraving. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2024, 365, 114828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, J.-W.; Lee, J.-H.; Kang, S.-K. 3D Electronic Sensors for Bio-Interfaced Electronics and Soft Robotics. Adv. Sens. Res. 2023, 2, 2300013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, K.; Chu, Y.; Tian, X.; Fang, T.; Ye, X.; Wang, X.; Tang, F. Wearable Photoelectric Fingertip Force Sensing System Based on Blood Volume Changes without Sensory Interference. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15, 34578–34587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salvo, P.; Raedt, R.; Carrette, E.; Schaubroeck, D.; Vanfleteren, J.; Cardon, L. A 3D printed dry electrode for ECG/EEG recording. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2012, 174, 96–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, J.; Kim, J.-K.; Kim, D.-S.; Shanmugasundaram, A.; Park, S.A.; Kang, S.; Kim, S.-H.; Jeong, M.H.; Lee, D.-W. Wireless pressure sensor integrated with a 3D printed polymer stent for smart health monitoring. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2019, 280, 201–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, J.; Kim, J.-K.; Park, S.A.; Lee, D.-W. Biodegradable polymer material based smart stent: Wireless pressure sensor and 3D printed stent. Microelectron. Eng. 2019, 206, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wan, X.; Zhang, F.; Liu, Y.; Leng, J. CNT-based electro-responsive shape memory functionalized 3D printed nanocomposites for liquid sensors. Carbon 2019, 155, 77–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, D.; Liu, Q.; Han, Z.; Zhang, J.; Song, H.; Wang, K.; Song, Z.; Wen, S.; Zhou, Y.; Yan, C.; et al. 4D Printing Strain Self-Sensing and Temperature Self-Sensing Integrated Sensor–Actuator with Bioinspired Gradient Gaps. Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 2000584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernández-Hurtado, V.; Fernández-Domínguez, A.I.; Feist, J.; García-Vidal, F.J.; Cuevas, J.C. Exploring the Limits of Super-Planckian Far-Field Radiative Heat Transfer Using 2D Materials. ACS Photonics 2018, 5, 3082–3088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, L.; Yang, T.; Zhong, Y.; **, Z.; Zhang, X.; Hu, C.; Wang, Z.; Wu, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Shi, Z.; et al. Scalable and Versatile Transfer of Sensitive Two-dimensional Materials. Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 2342–2349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hou, Y.; Ren, X.; Fan, J.; Wang, G.; Dai, Z.; **, C.; Wang, W.; Zhu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Liu, L.; et al. Preparation of Twisted Bilayer Graphene via the Wetting Transfer Method. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 40958–40967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ma, X.; Liu, Q.; Xu, D.; Zhu, Y.; Kim, S.; Cui, Y.; Zhong, L.; Liu, M. Capillary-Force-Assisted Clean-Stamp Transfer of Two-Dimensional Materials. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 6961–6967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharma, M.; Singh, A.; Aggarwal, P.; Singh, R. Large-Area Transfer of 2D TMDCs Assisted by a Water-Soluble Layer for Potential Device Applications. ACS Omega 2022, 7, 11731–11741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lai, Q.-T.; Zhao, X.-H.; Sun, Q.-J.; Tang, Z.; Tang, X.-G.; Roy, V.A.L. Emerging MXene-Based Flexible Tactile Sensors for Health Monitoring and Haptic Perception. Small 2023, 19, 2300283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qi, F.; Xu, L.; He, Y.; Yan, H.; Liu, H. PVDF-Based Flexible Piezoelectric Tactile Sensors: Review. Cryst. Res. Technol. 2023, 58, 2300119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.; Lee, Y.; Kang, M.; Hu, L.; Zhao, S.; Ahn, J.-H. 2D Materials for Skin-Mountable Electronic Devices. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2005858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, J.; Xu, S.; Zhang, C.; Yin, A.; Sun, M.; Yang, H.; Hu, C.; Liu, H. Field effect transistor-based tactile sensors: From sensor configurations to advanced applications. InfoMat 2023, 5, e12376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, J.; Wang, F.; Han, S.; Deng, W.; Du, X.; Yu, H.; Gou, J.; Wang, Q.J.; Wang, J. Recent Progress in 2D Inorganic/Organic Charge Transfer Heterojunction Photodetectors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2205150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, W.; Dai, Z.; Liu, L.; Zhang, Z. Toward Clean 2D Materials and Devices: Recent Progress in Transfer and Cleaning Methods. Adv. Mater. 2023, e2303014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Satterthwaite, P.F.; Zhu, W.; Jastrzebska-Perfect, P.; Tang, M.; Spector, S.O.; Gao, H.; Kitadai, H.; Lu, A.-Y.; Tan, Q.; Tang, S.-Y.; et al. Van der Waals device integration beyond the limits of van der Waals forces using adhesive matrix transfer. Nat. Electron. 2023, 7, 17–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, G.; Tian, Z.; Yang, Z.; Xue, Z.; Zhang, M.; Hu, X.; Wang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Chu, P.K.; Mei, Y.; et al. Graphene-assisted metal transfer printing for wafer-scale integration of metal electrodes and two-dimensional materials. Nat. Electron. 2022, 5, 275–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.; Liu, Y.; Lu, K.; Chang, C.S.; Sung, D.; Akl, M.; Qiao, K.; Kim, K.S.; Park, B.-I.; Zhu, M.; et al. High-throughput manufacturing of epitaxial membranes from a single wafer by 2D materials-based layer transfer process. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2023, 18, 464–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, L.; Xu, W.; Ni, Y.; Xu, Z.; Cui, B.; Liu, J.; Wei, H.; Xu, W. Stretchable Neuromorphic Transistor That Combines Multisensing and Information Processing for Epidermal Gesture Recognition. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 2282–2291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, F.-X.; Fang, P.; Wang, M.-J.; Liu, H.-C.; Lu, W.-X.; Chen, T.; Sun, L.-N. Bioinspired Multifunctional E-skin for Robot Dynamic Tactile Real-Time Feedback Systems Using Triboelectric Sensors and Electrochromic Devices. Adv. Sens. Res. 2022, 1, 2200013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Chen, X.; Li, X.; Tian, H.; Wang, C.; Nie, B.; He, J.; Shao, J. Bioinspired robot skin with mechanically gated electron channels for sliding tactile perception. Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, eade0720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, G.; Liu, S.; Wang, L.; Zhu, R. Skin-inspired quadruple tactile sensors integrated on a robot hand enable object recognition. Sci. Robot. 2020, 5, eabc8134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, K.; Yuk, H.; Yang, M.; Cho, J.; Lee, H.; Kim, J. A biomimetic elastomeric robot skin using electrical impedance and acoustic tomography for tactile sensing. Sci. Robot. 2022, 7, eabm7187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, J.; Liu, S.; Meng, Y.; Xu, W.; Liu, S.; Jia, L.; Chen, G.; Qin, Y.; Han, M.; Li, X. Self-Powered Tactile Sensor for Gesture Recognition Using Deep Learning Algorithms. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 25629–25637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Osborn, L.E.; Dragomir, A.; Betthauser, J.L.; Hunt, C.L.; Nguyen, H.H.; Kaliki, R.R.; Thakor, N.V. Prosthesis with neuromorphic multilayered e-dermis perceives touch and pain. Sci. Robot. 2018, 3, eaat3818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, S.; Ren, X.; Xu, J.; Yuan, Y.; Shi, J.; Ling, H.; Yang, Y.; Tang, W.; Lu, F.; Kong, X.; et al. In-Memory Tactile Sensor with Tunable Steep-Slope Region for Low-Artifact and Real-Time Perception of Mechanical Signals. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 2134–2147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pan, D.; Hu, J.; Wang, B.; ** of Fragile and Deformable Objects. Langmuir 2023, 39, 4530–4536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, X.; Cao, L.; Wang, J.; Chen, L. Sandwich-like Polypyrrole/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Integrated Gelatin Hydrogel as Mechanically and Thermally Sensitive Skinlike Bioelectronics. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 10726–10739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kireev, D.; Liu, S.; **, H.; Patrick **ao, T.; Bennett, C.H.; Akinwande, D.; Incorvia, J.A.C. Metaplastic and energy-efficient biocompatible graphene artificial synaptic transistors for enhanced accuracy neuromorphic computing. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 4386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, M.A.; Hu, C.; Yuan, B.; Jahan, S.; Saleh, M.S.; Guo, Z.; Gellman, A.J.; Panat, R. Breaking the barrier to biomolecule limit-of-detection via 3D printed multi-length-scale graphene-coated electrodes. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 7077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiao, Y.; Hirtz, T.; Wu, F.; Deng, G.; Li, X.; Zhi, Y.; Tian, H.; Yang, Y.; Ren, T.-L. Fabricating Molybdenum Disulfide Memristors. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2020, 2, 346–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pham, P.V.; Bodepudi, S.C.; Shehzad, K.; Liu, Y.; Xu, Y.; Yu, B.; Duan, X. 2D Heterostructures for Ubiquitous Electronics and Optoelectronics: Principles, Opportunities, and Challenges. Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 6514–6613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, G.; Meng, P.; Chen, J.; Liu, H.; Bian, R.; Zhu, C.; Liu, F.; Liu, Z. 2D Material Based Synaptic Devices for Neuromorphic Computing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2005443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Ding, Y.; **e, D. Mixed-Dimensional Van der Waals Heterostructures Enabled Optoelectronic Synaptic Devices for Neuromorphic Applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2105625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, Y.; Yu, N.; Yu, Z.; Su, Y.; Chen, J.; **ang, T.; Han, Y.; Wang, J. Optoelectronic Synaptic Memtransistor Based on 2D SnSe/MoS2 van der Waals Heterostructure under UV–Ozone Treatment. Small Methods 2023, 7, 2201679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, J.; Xu, W.; Sun, Z.; Fu, L.; Zhang, S.; Qin, B.; Fan, T.; Li, G.; Chen, S.; Yang, S.; et al. Wavelength-Controlled Photoconductance Polarity Switching via Harnessing Defects in Doped PdSe2 for Artificial Synaptic Features. Small 2023, 2306068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ahmed, T.; Tahir, M.; Low, M.X.; Ren, Y.; Tawfik, S.A.; Mayes, E.L.H.; Kuriakose, S.; Nawaz, S.; Spencer, M.J.S.; Chen, H.; et al. Fully Light-Controlled Memory and Neuromorphic Computation in Layered Black Phosphorus. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2004207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kumar, D.; Li, H.; Das, U.K.; Syed, A.M.; El-Atab, N. Flexible Solution-Processable Black-Phosphorus-Based Optoelectronic Memristive Synapses for Neuromorphic Computing and Artificial Visual Perception Applications. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2300446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tan, W.C.; Wang, L.; Feng, X.; Chen, L.; Huang, L.; Huang, X.; Ang, K.-W. Recent Advances in Black Phosphorus-Based Electronic Devices. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2019, 5, 1800666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmed, T.; Kuriakose, S.; Mayes, E.L.H.; Ramanathan, R.; Bansal, V.; Bhaskaran, M.; Sriram, S.; Walia, S. Optically Stimulated Artificial Synapse Based on Layered Black Phosphorus. Small 2019, 15, 1900966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guo, X.; Hong, W.; Liu, L.; Wang, D.; **ang, L.; Mai, Z.; Tang, G.; Shao, S.; **, C.; Hong, Q.; et al. Highly Sensitive and Wide-Range Flexible Bionic Tactile Sensors Inspired by the Octopus Sucker Structure. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2022, 5, 11028–11036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsieh, G.-W.; Chien, C.-Y. Wearable Capacitive Tactile Sensor Based on Porous Dielectric Composite of Polyurethane and Silver Nanowire. Polymers 2023, 15, 3816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Niu, H.; Chen, Y.; Kim, E.-S.; Zhou, W.; Li, Y.; Kim, N.-Y. Ultrasensitive capacitive tactile sensor with heterostructured active layers for tiny signal perception. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 450, 138258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, F.; Lu, Q.; Hao, M.; Wu, Y.; Li, Y.; Liu, L.; Li, L.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, T. An artificial neuromorphic somatosensory system with spatio-temporal tactile perception and feedback functions. Npj Flex. Electron. 2022, 6, 72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sensor Types | Sensor Features | Sensitivity | Sensing Range | Applications | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resistive tactile sensors | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes | ~385 kPa−1 | >1400 kPa | smart robotics | [54] |
Resistive tactile sensors | CNT/Au electrode with a pyramid-structure resistive channel | / | 1~80 kPa | neurorobotics and neuro-prosthetics | [56,85] |
Resistive tactile sensors | Al2O3/MoS2/Al2O3 sandwich structure | 0.011 kPa−1 | 1~120 kPa | wearable electronics, e-skin, bio-robotics | [86] |
Capacitive tactile sensors | AgNF-AgNW hybrid electrode | 1.78 × 10−3 kPa−1 | <350 kPa | mobile smart devices | [35] |
Capacitive tactile sensors | Graphene/CNT/Silicone rubber composite | 0.63 kPa−1 | 0.1~0.26 MPa | robotic prostheses | [44] |
Capacitive tactile sensors | Au/ polystyrene (PS)/Au layer with micropatterned PDMS | 0.815 kPa−1 | 0~50 N | electronic skins, wearable robotics, and biomedical devices | [87] |
Capacitive tactile sensors | PDMS/microconformal graphene (MGr) structure with PET substrate | 3.19 kPa−1 | 0~4 kPa | wearable health-monitoring devices, robot tactile systems and human-machine interface systems | [59] |
Piezoelectric tactile sensors | Polyacrylonitrile/barium titanate (PAN-C/BTO) nanofiber film | 1.44 V·N−1 | 0.15~25 N | human-computer interactive and smart wearable sensing systems | [88] |
Piezoelectric tactile sensors | PVDF nanofibers based on polyurethane (PU) film and PDMS plate | 7.1 mV·kPa−1 | <10 kPa | electronic skin, robotics, and interface of artificial intelligence | [89] |
Piezoelectric tactile sensors | PVDF/BaTiO3 nanocomposites | 18 V·N−1 | 1~20 g | human–machine interfaces | [90] |
Triboelectric tactile sensors | Ecoflex electrification layer with polyvinyl alcohol/polyethyleneimine (PVA/PEI) electrode layer | 0.063 V·kPa−1 | 5~50 kPa | self-powered touch screens, human–machine interfaces | [91] |
Triboelectric tactile sensors | Micro-pyramid-patterned double-network ionic Organohydrogels | 45.97 mV·kPa−1 | 0.02~4 kPa | wearable devices and robotics | [92] |
Triboelectric tactile sensors | Carbonyl Iron powder (CIP)/NdFeB/PDMS Magnetic Composite and CNT/PDMS Mixture | 0.314 kPa−1 | >1000 kPa | healthcare monitoring | [37] |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
**, J.; Yang, H.; Li, X.; Wei, R.; Zhang, T.; Dong, L.; Yang, Z.; Yuan, Z.; Sun, J.; Hua, Q. Recent Advances in Tactile Sensory Systems: Mechanisms, Fabrication, and Applications. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14050465
** J, Yang H, Li X, Wei R, Zhang T, Dong L, Yang Z, Yuan Z, Sun J, Hua Q. Recent Advances in Tactile Sensory Systems: Mechanisms, Fabrication, and Applications. Nanomaterials. 2024; 14(5):465. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14050465
Chicago/Turabian Style** Zhang, Lin Dong, Zhenjun Yang, Zuqing Yuan, Junlu Sun, and Qilin Hua. 2024. "Recent Advances in Tactile Sensory Systems: Mechanisms, Fabrication, and Applications" Nanomaterials 14, no. 5: 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14050465